Hamlet Dancing Through Darkness - 1140 Words

Dancing Through Darkness One cannot exercise the mind enough to prepare for the moment when tragedy occurs. Our emotions are very unpredictable in this way. What comes after the tragedy is referred to as the ‘grieving period’. The mind has to go through this in order to stretch itself from the unpredictable emotions, back into a form of acceptance of what was lost. In the tragedy striking play of â€Å"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† written by William Shakespeare, the author has the reader take a look at the more intense grieving period of the many members who cope with more than one death at a time. In contrast, the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry looks more into one tragedy and how a close family deals with that, rather than†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† (Act 4, Scene 5, line 56). In this famous line, Hamlet is referring back to his lost love, Ophelia, and her death and exclaiming hi s dire sadness and willing to not live for her own sake. After dealing with so many tense emotions, one may start to ease back into a new stage. Bargaining is more of the invisible stage. For the most part, it usually passes through quickly and unnoticed by the people dealing with it. Rebecca Eckler, author of children’s literature, and a degree in psychology states â€Å"to do in times such as these is to find a childhood book and read it.† (1). These books may allow one dealing with a tragedy to read and see how fictional ideas may actually help them move forward. One may use bargaining as a twisted tactic in order to get revenge. â€Å"The king shall drink to Hamlet’s better breath† (Act 5, Scene 2, line 238). The drink is poisoned and Claudius is bargaining this as he already has the outcome pre set up so that the enemy will end up drinking the poison. When children go through the bargaining stage they may use their parents as the target. â€Å"Could I maybe go carry some groceries in front of the supermarket for a little while after school then?† (Hansberry 379). The son keeps trying to get his way with his mother because she may be vulnerable when dealing with the situation. The key back to balancing all the brokenness back together at the end of a tragedy isShow MoreRelatedBeauty : My Humble Opinion Is All About Who Is Perceiving It993 Words   |  4 Pagesglorious sound and the grand mysteries of life looming in the depths beneath. Beauty can be described as the fresh snow glistening on the pine trees with deer majestic in their natural glory, nested down in peaceful slumber and fat, fluffy hares dancing playfully in the snow bounding in every direction or birds in song singing to their own unique tune not unlike a grand orchestrate making wonderful music for all to hear. It is in the fresh paw prints in the snow and the curiosity it creates of whatRead MoreStaging Hamlet for a Modern Audience2295 Words   |  10 P agesAlthough a long play, it has a depth to it, that, if transferred to the stage well, is transformed from a long and winding script to a fascinating play filled with suspense and the emotions of the characters run high.nbsp; Hamlet, nonetheless is a challenging script and Hamlet himself can either create the play, or destroy it, he is the key element.nbsp; nbsp; To fascinate the audience from the outset you need to examine the setting that Shakespeare describes throughout the script.nbsp;Read MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 2150 Words   |  9 PagesHamlet gazes up at the sky and appreciates it, â€Å"this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o’erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appearth nothing to me but a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors† (Shakespeare II, ii, 299-303). In this line, Hamlet sees the sky as artwork that should be appreciated as something that is a blessing for us. The influence of the Renaissance is evident in this line. During the Renaissance, people looked at theRead MoreHAMLET AND ORESTES10421 Words   |  42 Pages07 1 THE BRITISH ACADEMY THE ANNUAL SHAKESPEARE LECTURE 1914 Hamlet and Orestes A Study in Traditional Types By Gilbert Murray, LL.D., D.Litt. Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford Fellow of the Academy New York Oxford University Press American Branch 35 West 32nd Street London : Humphrey Milford THE BRITISH ACADEMY THE ANNUAL SHAKESPEARE LECTURE 1914 Hamlet and Orestes A Study in Traditional Types By Gilbert MurrayRead More Alfred Lord Tennysons Maud; A Monodrama - Madness or Maud? Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pagesinevitable sorrow. Each moment creating a chain reaction. In Maud; A Monodrama, Alfred Lord Tennyson explores the journey of a man in the universal search for the perfect Garden of Eden. Originally titled Maud or Madness, he described the â€Å"little Hamlet† as the history of a morbid poetic soul† who is â€Å"the heir of madness, an egotist with the makings of a cynic† (Hill 214). In the throes of madness, the protagonist experiences the grandest emotional triumph and the lowest depths of despair. Each milestoneRead MoreThe Guilty Survivior2866 Words   |  12 Pagesthat sleep of death, what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. Theres the respect That makes Calamity of so long life. Hamlet Act III, scene I Prologue It was a cold winter afternoon. Snow seemed to take on the appearance of a blanket as it lay across the ground and trees. Glittering and dancing in the moonlight, the powder fell from the sky, ghosting across red tinted faces and shivering bodies. It was hypnotizing to watch the snow fall. It was the pictureRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 Pagessomething about the poetic emphasis and meaning. For some poets, however, this limited visual element is not enough. A few poets have interests in both literature and graphic art, but many have experimented with three methods of expanding poetic meaning through visual form. Typographical Analogies: Throughout history writers have underscored the content of their work by manipulating the way that words appear on their page. Capital letters convey urgency and loudness: STOP! HELP! COME HERE! Lower-case lettersRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesfamiliar bookish smell, the long, polished tables, and helpful librarians. Curiosity about the story inside a books attractive cover encouraged him to read at an early age. Langston loved to hold a book and examine the artists illustrations. Through adventures in books, he escaped his lonely, restricted life. Because the school for black children in Topeka was across town, Carrie enrolled Langston in first grade at the all-white Harrison Street School, which was within walking distance ofRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesthird time of returning to his theme and gives exhaustive directions for the attraction of the planetary spirit by using a knowledge of the lordships of the planets. The fumes of the incense burnt in the incantation of the planet are to be passed through the middle of a hollow cross, explicit reasons being given for this. The chapter concludes with some general quotations from an unidentified source on the relations between planets and terrestrial souls (pp.192-97). Chapter 6 is devoted to the manifestation

Old Earth, Or Progressive Creationism - 1942 Words

Old earth, or progressive creationism shares similarities with theistic evolution in that it places the age of the earth at 4-5 billion years ago and the universe at 10-20 billion years ago. However, they are not satisfied with the claim that God-guided evolution brought the world into existence, eventually arriving at the world we live in today. Robert C. Newman, an astrophysicist and New Testament professor acknowledges that it would be possible for God to use evolution as a creation tool, just as it is possible that God created solely through supernatural means. However, he thinks that there are too many unanswered questions left for both positions. It is from this conviction that Newman places himself in the progressive creationist camp. This view is named such because it sees creation as occurring in a progression with various levels which built upon one another, using a combination of supernatural intervention and providential guidance to harmonize the histories found in both the biblical account of Genesis and the scientific account we find in nature. Newman is quick to point out that there are many variations of the old earth creationist position. Of these, however, he finds three main varieties, which differ primarily in their views on the nature of the days of the creation week. These three categories are: (1) The day-age view. As implied by the title, this view considers the days to be chronological, but not 24-hour periods. Rather, they are long spans of time,Show MoreRelatedOld Earth, Or Progressive Creationism1966 Words   |  8 PagesAnother position is old earth, or progressive creationism, which does share some similarities with theistic evolution - primarily, that it places the age of the earth at 4-5 billion years ago and the universe at 10-20 billion years ago. However, old earth creationists are not satisfied with the claim that God-guided evolution brought the world into existence, eventually arriving at the world we live in today. Robert C. Newman, an astrophysicist and New Testament professor, acknowledges that i t wouldRead MoreCreationism : Creationism And Creationism1193 Words   |  5 Pagesworld there are arguments on what is right and wrong when it comes to creationism. There are different ways to look at creationism. There’s young earth creationism, old earth creationism, intelligent design, and theistic creationism. The first known use of creationism was in 1880. In a washington post poll studies found that 58% of Americans believe in creationism, while 42% believe in evolution. Different types of creationism can have different effects on society today. It divides society onRead MoreThe Evolution Of Young Earth Creationism1698 Words   |  7 PagesYoung earth creationism is what most people mean when referring to â€Å"creationism.† This is primarily due to the fact that the creationists most visible in the public eye during the creation-evolution debate were most likely to hold young earth creationist views. Additionally, the terms â€Å"recent earth† or â€Å"recent creation† have been used to refer to this same position. These terms clearly define their position as one in which the creation of the world occurred somewhat recently, that is, the world isRead MoreCreationism vs. Darwinism: A Comparative Analysis1530 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Creationism vs. Darwinism Abstract An analysis of creationism, and its various forms, is undertaken in order to determine basis for creationist beliefs. Additionally, Darwinism is explored and the differences between Creationism and Darwinism are analyzed. Despite overwhelming evidence that supports the existence and validity of Darwinism, there are still arguments made that attempt to discredit evolution. The battle between Creationists and Darwinists extends beyond science and religion and hasRead MoreThe Debate Between Evolution and Creationism1648 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween creationism vs. evolution consist of, the thought that it is ‘â€Å"God did it† vs. â€Å"Natural processes did it,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Scott, 2004) may arise. Science cannot absolutely prove or disprove Creation or Evolution. Yet scientist and the remainder of society use creationism and evolution to prove our existence. Creationist believe in the Christian account of the origin as recorded in Genesis. Creationism is the belief t hat statements such as â€Å"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth† (NIV) foundRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has itsRead MoreThe And Evolution Between Creationism And Creationism1023 Words   |  5 Pageswith the opportunity to make their own decisions? According to the laws and court decisions as of today, it is highly unlikely that Creationism will be granted equal time in the biology classroom any time soon. The Ohio standards for science include evolution as a core component mandating that biology teachers incorporate natural selection and the history of life on earth as part of the curriculum. One strategy, presented by the National Center for Science Education is teaching the information and theRead MoreThe Myth Of The Earth2163 Words   |  9 PagesScientists have found that the Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions in the giant disc-shaped cloud of material that also formed the Sun. As gravity slowly gathered this gas and dust together into clumps, it became asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals. These objects collided repeatedly and gradually got bigger, building up the planets in the Solar System. Although scientists are very close to answering the question, they still continue to search for the exactRead MoreThe Debate Between Creation And Evolution2145 Words   |  9 Pagesyoung earth creationism simply because theistic evolution is not a viable option. Still more present young earth creationism as a naive understanding of both the Bible and science. However, since each position has evidence in support of it and against it, it is in no way true that any of them present us with an undeniable position of definite accuracy. Furthermore, the idea that there is only a choice between creation and evolution is false. Indeed, there are more positions than even creationism andRead MoreThe Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s Dreaming1485 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussing the Creation versus Evolution debate. The creation–evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs.evolution debate or the origins debate) involves a recurring cultural, political, and theological dispute about the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life. Prior to 1925, Creation Science was the dominant belief system before the rise of geology in the late 18th century. Early European scientists, from Copernicus to Galileo to Newton believed (as did almost all Christians

Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs Free Essays

The Three Great American Cultures Central and South America is said to have been first discovered in the late fifteenth century; however, to say that the land before this time was unknown to all of humanity would be a fallacy and a great insult to the three great ancient cultures that ruled before their European conquest. The Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans were three distinct groups of people that thrived in the Americas prior to their â€Å"discovery† and all have a diversely rich background full of people, tradition, and culture. Recorded Aztecan history begins at the start of the twelfth century when the Aztec people first moved out in search of a new homeland. We will write a custom essay sample on Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1325 they founded their new home with the creation of Tenochtitlan, a large city which is now the location of common-day Mexico City. The life of the Aztec people was multifaceted – filled with school systems, laws, clothing fashions, and traditional food. They had different scholastic buildings in place for children depending on their economic and noble rank among the people. Noble children would attend a school called a calmecac that would teach them history, religion, and the ways to govern. Meanwhile, the common children could go to a telpochacalli where they would learn aspects of war and trade work, but if a child showed enough promise and intelligence he or she could be sent up to one of the calmecacs to prepare for a higher future career. Crime and punishment was a severe topic for Aztecs; the breaking of many of their laws resulted immediately in death, some of which included: adultery, treason, theft, drunkenness, and even cutting down a living tree. Interestingly as well, if a commoner were to wear cotton clothing (something reserved only for nobility) they too would be put to death. Nobles dressed most lavishly among their people, opting for the brightest colors, and often used bird feathers to make headdresses that indicate their high status. The staple food for the Aztecs was corn. They also ate tomatoes, avocadoes, and tamales. Aztecs ruled for hundreds of years up until their peak in 1502 under their ruler Moctezuma II. The Spanish first arrived in 1519 with the conquistador Hernando Cortez, and by 1522 all the Aztecs once celebrated in Tenochtitlan was destroyed. Toward the south during the same time as the Aztecan people, the Incas were also in their peak from 1200 until 1535. They lived in what is now Peru and Chile, and before their fall had massed the largest Native American society. Part of the reasoning behind why the Incas became such a large tribe comes from their dominance in battle and their desire to conquer the neighboring tribes. During their peak, the Incan army had over forty thousand troops, patrolling in their lands. Living in the Andes mountain range also made for some interesting architecture. The Incas made large fortresses on the sides of steep mountains in order to protect their people and also see enemies if they were attacking from afar. Arranged as they were on the sides of mountains, Incan cities lead themselves to be hierarchically and religiously symbolic. The tallest point of their cities were reserved for religious practices, often in adoration for their sun god Along with their buildings, the Incas had advanced drainage systems used for irrigation to grow many of the crops the Aztecs did such as tomatoes, corn, cocoa, and cotton. Sadly the Incans shared more with the Aztecs than just their mutual crops; in 1535 they too were conquered by Spanish forces. While the Aztecs and Incas had much in common, perhaps the most different of the three great American societies were the Mayans found in the southern tip of common day Mexico and Guatemala. Unlike their neighbors to the north and south, the Mayans did not govern its people under a single ruler. Instead, the Mayans were comprised of smaller local city-states that ruled independently of one another. Each had its own ruler that was believed to be a descendant of the gods. But while they were independently ruled, the city-states all shared a common written language, religious beliefs, and a calendar system. The Mayans are the only known Native American culture that developed a written language, of which there are four existing books along with countless murals and wall writings. Much like the Aztecs and Incas, the Mayans practiced human sacrifices. Because they believed that their nobility were decedents of the gods, it was customary for a city-state’s ruler to partake in ritual bloodletting along with sacrificing rival neighboring nobles. They also followed their ritual calendar that was comprised of a thirteen month and twenty day cycle. It marked the passing of planets, stars, and allowed the people to know when the proper time was to plant and harvest. Perhaps these calendars helped them predict other things as well because unlike the Aztecs and Incas, the Mayans were never conquered by Spain because of their mysterious disappearance around the sixteenth century. Works Cited The Ancient Aztecs. Think Quest. 1999. Web. 1 February 2010. Criscenzo, Jeeni. The Maya. Jaguar Sun. 2000. Web. 1 February 2010. Inca. Minnesota State University. Web. 1 February 2010. How to cite Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs, Papers

Progress in Artificial Intelligence Technique - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Progress in Artificial Intelligence Technique. Answer: Introduction Background The current globalized society has been facing tremendous change in the information technology and the internet. In this context, human interaction has been transformed by an implementation of artificial intelligence. The cognitive interfaces help in providing new platforms for interaction between machine and humans. These contain graphical user interfaces (GUIs) navigation system including hypertext and option selection buttons and menus (Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). The Ubiquitous Computing focuses on effective human interaction with technological components including artificial intelligence. Chatterbot conversation includes an exchange of texts and languages including dealing with ambiguous situations context-based messages. However, chatterbots are used in various fields including entertaining others by making coherent conversation (Nilsson 2014). A machine learns from the algorithm feeder input for working. However, these algorithms cannot hold and understand of data concept. Therefore, a large amount of data and information cannot be input in the algorithm. This has created self-fulfilling strategies for communication among the robots. The literature review will present the concept of AIML and its different functionality. The use of pattern recognition techniques helps in creating the language for communicating with each other. This paper will focus on the development of the language for robots in order to perform chatting with other bots. This research will use a proper methodology for proceeding in the research. The use of Artificial Intelligence in this process will be researched in this study. The concept of the artificial intelligence in the South Africa will be discussed. The impact of the robots and other chatterbots on the economic, legal and business perspective in the country will be discussed. Rationale Modern information technology has been focusing on the artificial intelligence in the 21st century. However, the change in the methodology of the technology in the worked has allowed transforming various algorithms in the IT sector (Cohen and Feigenbaum 2014). The exponential growth of IT in the market has been focusing on the concept of the Artificial Intelligence. Robotics and other chatterbots have been created to decrease the human work. There has been a peaceful transition in the democratic of South Africa in 1994. The lack of education in the primary and secondary level have a major cause for obtaining the low score in the education sector. According to OECD 2008 review of national policies in South Africa (Navigli and Ponzetto 2012). However, 15% to 18% of school students are qualifying the school exams per year. Therefore, the literacy rate of the country has been continuously increasing (Hovy, Navigli and Ponzetto 2013). However, this rate is slower than other countries in t he world. The use of the technology in the studies have been less in the country. Therefore, students are not able to maintain the technical knowledge of the school. This has been created the problem in the literacy rate of the country. However, robotics has been provided in the country for the students, Robotic technology is being studied in the schools and colleges of the country. According to a survey, there has been a massive change in an enhancement of technical knowledge from 4% to 7% (Brodie, Mylopoulos and Schmidt 2012). As commented by Yang and Xu (2013), This total rose to around 1.5 million in 2014 and is projected to increase to about 1.9 million in 2017.5 Japan has the largest number with 306,700, followed by North America (237,400), China (182,300), South Korea (175,600), and Germany (175,200) (Geraci 2012). Overall, robotics is expected to rise from a $15 billion sector now to $67 billion by 2025. According to RBC Global Asset Management study, the cost of automation and robots have been falling down frequently. This has led to the increase in the development of robots all over the word (Brady, Gerhardt and Davidson 2012). Therefore, there is a risk of the robots start communication with each other by creating own language. However, increase in use of robots in the replace have increased the unemployment of human being in companies. Robots are replacing the human work in an efficient way. This research has focused on identifying the issues faced due to self-communication by the robots by creating their own language. The factors that are affecting the work pressure if the workplace in an organization is also mentioned. The language required for preparing algorithm has been discussed in the report. Problem Statement The primary problem discussed in the study will be the own communication of robots by developing language. Reports have identified various challenges are faced due to this problem. Therefore, this study will help in identifying challenges due to this approach of robots and other chatterbots. These have created the problem in maintenance of robots in the laboratory due to own communication of robots. Research Aim, Objectives and questions The aim of the research is to analyze language for communication between robots and other bots. The objectives of a research study are provided below: To analyze the basic concepts of robotics and artificial intelligence To understand the language created by robots for mutual communication To identify the challenges imposed due to communication of robots with each other in their own language To recommend strategies for mitigating these challenges in the robots Following are the research questions for the research: What are the basic concepts of robotics and artificial intelligence? How are the robots communicating with each other by creating own language? What are the challenges faced due to communication among robots by creating their own language? What can be done to mitigate these challenges related to communication among robots by creating own language? Significance of research This research study will focus on the concepts of artificial intelligence and its benefits and challenges in the industry. The concept of communicating of robots with each other by creating own language will be discussed in the research. The study aims at understanding various concepts of communication among each other by developing own language. Therefore, this framework might create challenges for the researchers in the field. These challenges will be identified in this study. The problem of own communication of robots will be depicted in the study. Summary This chapter has discussed the basic scenario of the artificial intelligence in the market in the context of South Africa. The aim of the research has been initiated in this chapter. The objectives and research questions have been provided in the chapter that helps in proceeding with the study. Literature Review Concept of Artificial Intelligence As commented by Yampolskiy (2013), artificial intelligence focuses on the work processes of machines requiring intelligence performed by humans. Therefore, artificial intelligence refers to investigating intelligent problem-solving behaviour by developing computer systems. However. This technology has been mostly in use by the researchers in the lab. The use of technology has been an important aspect in the development of new devices and artefacts. The Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR) is a group initiative of Statistics, Computer Science and School of mathematics unit for industrial growth in the market (Kanal and Kumar 2012). The current focus of the institute is to promote a concept of artificial intelligence and knowledge of computer engineering among individuals in the society. CAIR is mainly working on the development of artificial intelligence in the market. The computational models of human thought processes have helped in communicating with the artefacts. Ho wever, Nolfi, Bongard, Husbands and Floreano (2013) commented that artificial intelligence is an implementation of human thoughts on the computer. The use of artificial intelligence has helped in maintaining a keen relationship with machines and human beings. Chatterbots and pattern recognition As commented by Ginsberg (2012), various tests have been done to acknowledge between human and machine. Modern technology has created various clones similar to the human beings. These b0ts can perform all works similar to the human beings including daily routine work. These bots are efficient to perform daily duties including washing, cooking, caring and other duties of the human being. Therefore, Turing test has been performed on these machines for distinguishing between them. Therefore, this test is recognized as a chatterbot itself. Frankish and Ramsey (2014) defined chatter bot as a program that helps in stimulating typed conversation for aiming at least fooling human beings temporarily during the conversation with another person. Chatterbots can be classified in the form of techniques that are used in the development of various devices. For example, during the 90's, the second-generation chatterbots were built and the Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques were applied, such as Artificial Neural Networks in conjunction with NLP techniques (Ingrand and Ghallab 2014). JULIA chatterbot is an example of a second-generation chatterbot developed by Michael Mauldin in 1994 (Deisenroth, Neumann and Peters 2013). However, the development of the third-generation uses the Pattern Recognition Techniques. The motivation for using the AIML language has been dining in the pattern recognition system (Kober and Peters 2012). The features of the AIML language implemented in developing chatter bot include ease of implementation of AIML language based on markup language for making easy use of dialogues written in the code. Various computational systems help developers in developing chatterbots for web deployment user access. However, a high level of recycling process has been done in the chatterbots projects for developing open source software license. Pattern Recognition for Chatter bots modelling Various theories and models are used for the development of chatterbots include Pattern recognition, that aims at modelling computing system which is based on human dialogues. The use of AIML languages helps in providing different chatter bits that can adopt pattern recognition technique. Zang et al. (2015) commented that ALICE was the first chatterbot that was developed by using AIML language. It has three operations including performing word processing actions for fitting input by a user, the pattern is matched between input provided by user and input provided by a designer (Szegedy et al. 2017). Therefore, the pattern recognition system has been installed in the chatterbots that help in recognizing different patterns in the daily life. It helps in providing various work in the daily life including road crossing and walking. The patterns are matched with the database of the robot and accordingly, it works. Big data and artificial intelligence have been maintaining a bi-directional relationship with each other. As commented by Tirgul and Naik (2016), Artificial intelligence requires machine learning, which requires a large amount of data. A protocol will be developed for communicating among the robots. Each robot will send the request to another robot for initiating communication. In the presence of another homogeneous robot, it accepts the request and starts communicating with each other. The robots will send their personal information for connecting with other robots (Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). The other robots will acknowledge it by sending a message to the sender robot. Therefore, this will create a connection between them to initiate communication. In this process, the header part of the message is stored in the robot that helps in acknowledging back about the received message. However, some messag e is not delivered to the receiver robot that creates the problem in communicating with the robot (Bongard 2013). The IR radiation will be used in order to maintain the communication among robots. Robots will transmit same infrared rays in case of either correct or incorrect messages received. Therefore, it becomes difficult of differentiating the signals transmitted from robot (Pfeifer, Lungarella and Iida 2012). The first phase will be IR transmission. IR transmitter will be attached in each of the robots that might help in transmitting IR rays for initiating communication. The use of the AIML language has helped in developing chatter bits and robots. The IR receiver will receive the infrared rays coming from another robot. After receiving infrared rays, it will match with the data and information resent in the database (Pedrycz 2012). In the case that the data matches with the database, the communication process will start between robots. In the case, data does not matches; the robot will compare the received data with stored data in the database. If it matches with another homogenous robot, the communication starts otherwise it fails. Advantages of robots The development of the robotics technology has been facilitated in various applications in the market. Robots have helped in maintaining different work in the market. The use of the robots has been circulated in various fields including machinery, IT sector and construction sector. The use of the robots has been incread4sed in the market (Ingrand and Ghallab 2014). This technology has decreased the human work pressure in various industries. The use of robots has been facilitated in order to increase production in the industries. Increased efficiency As commented by Brambilla et al. (2013), industrial robots are capable of completing heavy tasks in the industry work environment better than human employee completes. However, robots are capable of performing tasks with higher accuracy level than human beings. This has significantly drawn the attention of organizations for developing robots rather hire a human employee (Bennett and Hauser 2013). Robots are capable of increasing production of industries with a high speed. The work rate of the robot re faster than that of the human being. Higher quality Robots are able to provide the higher quality task to the company. The error rate of the robots is negligible in comparison to that of human work. Robots help in minimizing the human error rate in the industry (Springer 2013). The use of robots produces high-quality products with respect to their standard quality. It also minimizes the time required for completing a task. Longer working hours A human employee has to take breaks for getting rest from work. This creates the distraction from their work and their pace of work minimizes. However, in the case of robots, it can work for 24/7 with 100 % efficiency, therefore, this help in increasing the efficiency and production in the industry. Robots do not take any holiday or having unexpected off for sick (Elkady and Sobh 2012). Increased profitability Robots are capable of increasing the production in an industry. Therefore, this increases the sales of the company and profitability. The supply of the products for customers has been increased that have helped in increasing the sales of the company. Robots help in increasing the profitability of the company in the market. Issues faced due to communication among robots by creating their own language There are various problems faced by different companies due to AI chatter bots developing own language in order to communicate with each other. This problem has been faced by several companies all over the world including Facebook. Several times AI chatterbot of Facebook has been automatically responding to the client within any input data. Therefore, chatter bits are capable of creating their own language might be using AIML language. The use of the AIML language has been creating interest in developing chatterbots. As argued by (), AIML language has made easy for chatter buts to create their own language for self-communication. Big data and artificial intelligence have been maintaining a bi-directional relationship with each other. Artificial intelligence requires machine learning, which requires a large amount of data. The motivation for using the AIML language has been dining in the pattern recognition system. The use of the robotic technology in the organization have decreed the employee of the human labours. The employment if the human being is being replaced by the robots and chatter bits, Therefore, the unemployment ratio if the country has been increasing with the time. Robots are able to provide work in the fashioned way that includes minimal errors with respect to that of human workers. Different artificial intelligence techniques have failed in maintaining big data process. The prediction based on an artificial intelligence algorithm has been created in order to maintain a machined logic behind expressible terms of human beings (Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). A machine learns from the algorithm feeder input for working. However, these algorithms cannot hold and understand of data concept. Therefore, a large amount of data and information cannot be input in the algorithm. This has created self-fulfilling strategies for communication among the robots. As argued by (), machine learning can be used for processing big data by using DPA. Therefore, an analysis is done in order to enhance machine learning for processing their own algorithm for self-communication. However, the use of algorithms by robots create risks for the researcher by communication with their own. This might lead to losing in control of the robots and chatterbots. The features of the AIML lan guage implemented in developing chatter bot include ease of implementation of AIML language based on markup language for making easy use of dialogues written in the code (Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). The use of robots is done in a various organization in order to minimize the human work in the working place. Summary This can be summarized that the use of the AIML language is required in developing chatterbots. A basic concept of artificial intelligence has been provided in the chapter. The benefits and limitations of the robots in the industry have been depicted in the chapter. The issues due to communication among robots by creating own language have been provided. Methodology Introduction The research has followed a proper methodology in order to complete the project. The design of the research has been based on the technical background of the robotics technology. This chapter discusses the main methodological concept that will be used in this research. The steps to be followed for conducting the research are listed in this chapter. The research methodology helps in maintaining a proper path for following in the research. Research methodology includes philosophy, approach, design, data collection method, limitations and ethical consideration. Some theories and models related to the artificial interference have been taken for the data collection process. Research methodology has helped in maintaining the Research philosophy Research philosophy helps in providing dimension and knowledge of the research. It provides concepts and facts in order to conduct the research. In addition, the proper steps that will be considered while conducting this research will be adopted from this philosophy section of the paper. Three types of philosophy are positivism, interpretivism and realism. Post-positivism philosophy deals with cross-checking specific data for the research. The philosophy focuses on the previous study of the research and the findings (Nolfi, Bongard, Husbands and Floreano 2013). Interpretivism philosophy helps in providing the complex structure of the research. Interpretivism deals with the interpretative study of the research topic. Lastly, the realism philosophy is utilized for considering the real-valued data. The artificial intelligence used in the robotics technology might help in maintaining the research methodology. Communication among the robots might be possible with the help of creating thei r own language. The authenticity of the human convictions and machine learning can be combined to create the positivist philosophy. It deals with the scientific approach towards the maintenance of the research methodology. This research will select positivism philosophy for completing the research. The research will be based on the theoretical and practical perspective. The selected philosophy will help in providing advanced thinking to the research. Positivism philosophy restricts the specialist's part in controlling or assessing the information that prompts minimisation of information errors also. The use of positivism philosophy also helps in connecting the various settings among the aspects which in turn leads to better analysis of the information such that the analysis regarding artificial intelligence can be made efficiently. Research Approach The approach, which is utilized for conducting the research, is termed as the research approach. This helps in providing a structural framework, which is to be followed for conducting the research on artificial intelligence or robotics. The two types of research approach are inductive and deductive approach. Deductive approach focuses on analyzing previous theories and models related to the research. As commented by Magilvy and Thomas, (2012), inductive research approach focus on producing new theories. However, the deductive approach helps in conducting research methodology in a proper manner. Inductive research approach of a study helps in contemplating enough information is not possible. The use of the inductive research approach might not be able to maintaining the reliability of the data and information collected for the research. This research will select deductive approach that help selecting particular methods for the research. The deductive approach helps in maintaining the existing theories and models and collect data from them. However, the deductive approach deals with the adequate knowledge of the research. The present study focuses on the artificial intelligence in order to create a language for a robot to communicate with themselves. The deductive approach will help in deducting all the information that will not be useful for the research. The different components if the robotic technology will be analyzed in the study. Research design The research design focuses on the strategy perceived in order to collect data and information from various sources. The use of research design ensures research problem and map the solution according to it. Informative exploration design helps in creating new theories and models for the collecting data and information related to the research topic including artificial intelligence. It helps in building a framework for proceeding in the research activity. The three types of research design are explanatory, exploratory and descriptive design (Toloie-Eshlaghy et al. 2011). Descriptive research design assists as an observational study that is helpful to find out specific characteristics of population as well as their effects on the variables. Exploratory design help s in recognizing several types of thoughts and considerations in order to finish research study. Similarly, the explanatory research design involves conducting a research while considering various parameters associated to the use of artificial intelligence by the robots in a detailed manner. The researcher has chosen descriptive research design that would be helpful to conduct the research. This research will select descriptive research design as it helps in conduction of the research with methods that are more descriptive by putting detailed information (Geraci 2012). The descriptive design help in providing a complete picture of the whole research methods used. Descriptive design helps in maintaining the longitudinal study of the artificial intelligence in the robotic technology. Data Collection Technique Data collection method is an important aspect for the research methodology. There are two types of data collection method including primary and secondary method. The data collection method helps in providing a proper method for the data collection process in the research. In this research, data and information will be collected from secondary sources including online journals, books, articles, reports and governmental databases. The use of the secondary method will help in providing data and information for the research. Primary data are collected from online survey. Ethical consideration The research will follow all the ethical values and norms in completing the research. The research will access all knowledge related to the robotic technology. Data and information for the research topic will be ethically accessed from online journals and books. The journals will be of published version and after year 2012. The online journals and books will be related to artificial intelligence and robotic technology (Geraci 2012). The access to the government databases has been done legally with proper permission. The results and outcomes of the research will not be published before the completion of the research. The research will follow the Data Protection Act 1998 in order to keep personal data and information secret from others. Research Limitations A research helps in providing proper results and knowledge related to the concerned topic. However, some limitations are faced by a research. In this case, the research will also face some difficulties in the data collection process. Online journals and books might not be available for the researcher. There might be some journals in paid version that cannot be purchased by the researcher due to lack of budget. The language of the journals and books might not be understood by the researcher that will create limitations for the research. Many journals will not be similar t the research topic. The researcher might have a time limitation due t the cross-sectional nature of the research. However, deep analysis of the research will not be done due to unavailability of time for research. Gant chart Milestones in the Research 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week 4thWeek 5thWeek 6thWeek 7thWeek Selection of the Topic Collection of Data from secondary sources Preparing the layout Review of Literature Developing plan for the research Selecting appropriate techniques for research Collection of Primary data Data Analysis Interpretation Findings and Discussion Conclusion to the study Preparing Rough Draft Completion of Final Work Figure 3: Gantt Chart (Source: Created by Author) References Bench-Capon, T.J., 2014.Knowledge representation: an approach to artificial intelligence(Vol. 32). Elsevier. Bennett, C.C. and Hauser, K., 2013. Artificial intelligence framework for simulating clinical decision-making: A Markov decision process approach.Artificial intelligence in medicine,57(1), pp.9-19. Bongard, J.C., 2013. Evolutionary robotics.Communications of the ACM,56(8), pp.74-83. Bostrom, N. and Yudkowsky, E., 2014. 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The impacts of robotics, artificial intelligence on business and economics.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,195, pp.564-573. Du, S., Guo, Y., Sanroma, G., Ni, D., Wu, G. and Shen, D., 2015. Building dynamic population graph for accurate correspondence detection.Medical image analysis,26(1), pp.256-267. Elkady, A. and Sobh, T., 2012. Robotics middleware: A comprehensive literature survey and attribute-based bibliography.Journal of Robotics,2012. Frankish, K. and Ramsey, W.M. eds., 2014.The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence. Cambridge University Press. Faces Online. (2018). A Robot Tax: Fair Measure Or Unnecessary Hindrance? - Faces Online. [online] Available at: https://faces-online.nl/en/robot-tax-fair-measure-unnecessary-hindrance/ [Accessed 3 Mar. 2018]. Geffner, H. and Bonet, B., 2013. A concise introduction to models and methods for automated planning.Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,8(1), pp.1-141. Geraci, R.M., 2012.Apocalyptic AI: Visions of heaven in robotics, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality. Oxford University Press. Ghahramani, Z., 2015. Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence.Nature,521(7553), p.452. Gigras, Y. and Gupta, K., 2012. Artificial intelligence in robot path planning.International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN, pp.2231-2307. Ginsberg, M., 2012.Essentials of artificial intelligence. Newnes. Hovy, E., Navigli, R. and Ponzetto, S.P., 2013. Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far.Artificial Intelligence,194, pp.2-27. Ingrand, F. and Ghallab, M., 2014. Robotics and artificial intelligence: A perspective on deliberation functions.AI Communications,27(1), pp.63-80. Kanal, L. and Kumar, V. eds., 2012.Search in artificial intelligence. Springer Science Business Media. Kober, J. and Peters, J., 2012. Reinforcement learning in robotics: A survey. InReinforcement Learning(pp. 579-610). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Marietto, M.D.G.B., de Aguiar, R.V., Barbosa, G.D.O., Botelho, W.T., Pimentel, E., Frana, R.D.S. and da Silva, V.L., 2013. Artificial intelligence markup language: A brief tutorial. arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.3091. Michalski, R.S., Carbonell, J.G. and Mitchell, T.M. eds., 2013.Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science Business Media. Navigli, R. and Ponzetto, S.P., 2012. BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network.Artificial Intelligence,193, pp.217-250. Nilsson, N.J., 2014.Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Nolfi, S., Bongard, J.C., Husbands, P. and Floreano, D., 2016. Evolutionary Robotics. Pedrycz, W. ed., 2012.Fuzzy modelling: paradigms and practice(Vol. 7). Springer Science Business Media. Pfeifer, R., Lungarella, M. and Iida, F., 2012. The challenges ahead for bio-inspired'soft'robotics.Communications of the ACM,55(11), pp.76-87. Springer, P.J., 2013.Military robots and drones: a reference handbook. ABC-CLIO. Sutikno, T., Facta, M. and Markadeh, G.A., 2013. Progress in Artificial Intelligence Techniques: from Brain to Emotion.TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control),9(2), pp.201-202. Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V. and Alemi, A.A., 2017, February. Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning. InAAAI(Vol. 4, p. 12). Tirgul, C.S. and Naik, M.R., 2016. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology,5(6), pp.1787-1793. Yampolskiy, R.V., 2013. Artificial intelligence safety engineering: Why machine ethics is a wrong approach. InPhilosophy and theory of artificial intelligence(pp. 389-396). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Yang, J.B. and Xu, D.L., 2013. Evidential reasoning rule for evidence combination.Artificial Intelligence,205, pp.1-29. Zang, Y., Zhang, F., Di, C.A. and Zhu, D., 2015. Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications.Materials Horizons,2(2), pp.140-156.

Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist Essay Example

Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist Paper Julia Alvarez is a famous world-wide poet and novelist. She was raised in the Dominican Republic, which is why most of her poems and novels are written in Spanish. One of her most famous novels is called In the time of the Butterflies, which is based on her flee to the United States, from the underground, where the three Mirabel sisters were murdered. The hardships of coming into the country, and without knowing the language is what is said to be the main reason of why she began to start writing. Julia Alvarez is more of a famous author than a poet. Therefore, she doesn’t have very many poetry books, or poems put on the internet. I did find five poems that stuck out to me more than her other ones, though. The first poem is called â€Å"Household Riddle†. I despise poetry, but this poem actually got my attention as I was reading it, unlike many other poems. I think this poem is funny because it is mostly talking about the riddle, â€Å"Which came first, the chicken or the egg? † which is a funny little riddle that everyone knows. The second poem that I found is called â€Å"Hairwashing†. This poem is about how her mother used to wash her hair when ever she misbehaved, to rinse out all of the bad. We will write a custom essay sample on Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Julia Alvarez, Famous Poet and Novelist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I picked to do this poem because I could really picture this happening, and it reminded me of how some mothers would wash their kids’ mouths out with soap. Another poem that I’ve chosen, which is my personal favorite, is called â€Å"Against Cinderella†. This poem kind of analyzes the story of Cinderella, and it asks questions that it knows we’ve all been thinking all of these years. One line in the poem says, â€Å"I can’t believe only one woman in that town had that size foot, could fit into that shoe. † We all know we’ve wondered this too, but we just always went along with it. I like this poem; it’s cute and funny, and in a way sarcastic. The last two poems I chose are called â€Å"Dusting† and â€Å"Storm Windows†. The main reason I chose to do these poems is because they were short, and they were one of the very few poems I could find written by Julia Alvarez. I do kind of like the poem â€Å"Dusting† because the main character says she likes to write her name on the dusty cabinet every morning, and I remember I used to like to write my name in the dust when I was little, too. On the other hand, I have no idea what the poem â€Å"Storm Windows† is about. The only reason I chose it was because it was short. Overall, I regret picking Julia Alvarez as my poet. I, personally, don’t really like her poetry, and she must have not even have written that many poems because I can barely find anything on her. Also, I don’t understand why a lot of her poems are about housekeeping and chores. But, since I have to make the best out of this, I chose five poems that I thought were the best. I like to read something that will grab my interest, keep my attention, and maybe make me think a little bit, and I believe that the five poems that I have chosen do so. Works Cited Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996. Alvarez, Julia.. â€Å"Dusting. † Homecoming: new and collected poems. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. , 1996.

Texting Thumb Is a Repetitive Stress Injury

Texting Thumb Is a Repetitive Stress Injury It seems that with every bit of new technology comes some form of social or personal cost. Often times that personal cost resolves itself in the form of a repetitive stress injury. Cell phones are one such technology. Socially and culturally, we are dealing with constant interconnectedness as well as inconsiderate users who feel they should talk wherever they are, regardless of the people around them. But this isnt about etiquette. This is about ergonomics. The cell phone has led to some health conditions, but it wasnt until the invention of supporting technologies – mobile data, cellular email, and the almighty text message – that the repetitive stress became a real problem for most users. Text messages have some great advantages and have changed our culture, but the input method leaves a lot to be desired. And that is what leads to Texting Thumb. Effects Texting Thumb is a repetitive stress injury that affects the thumb and wrist. Pain and sometimes a popping sound are present on the outside of the thumb at or near the wrist. There can also be a decrease in grip strength or range of motion. You see, the opposable thumb is very good at performing opposing actions to the hand and fingers, otherwise known as gripping. The muscles and mechanics of your anatomy support this function. The thumb acts as the lower half of a pair of pliers. It is much better at this than dexterous three-dimensional motions, like typing. That puts a lot of repetitive stress on the thumb joint and the muscles and tendons attached to it. The thumb is sufficient to press a key on your phones keypad without much stress being placed on it. It is mainly the traveling the thumb tip does over the keypad, which is often a couple of square inches. This is a lot of work on a joint that, quite frankly, isnt designed to move that much. Cell phones that have a standard number pad often use a predictive text entry or other methods to make input easier without scrolling through all the available letters for each number. This helps a lot but not enough to counteract how often most people text. Smartphones are even worse. While they do have full keyboards to make input easier, they have larger surfaces for the thumb to travel over and can often involve both thumbs. Whats more, the ease of input actually makes it more likely for you to type in real words instead of the texting shorthand. Inflammation Texting Thumb can be a form of tendonitis, tenosynovitis, or a combination of both of those disorders. In either case, it means something is irritated, inflamed, and swollen. In Texting Thumb, there is an inflammation of the tendons and/or the synovial sheaths that cover the tendons that control the motion of your thumb. It may also be an inflammation in the tenosynovium, a slippery membrane that acts as a sliding surface, in the opening in the wrist that the tendons slide through. Often the swelling from the inflammation in either the tendon or tenosynovitis causes irritation that leads to inflammation in the other after repetitive use. It can be quite painful and reduces your ability to grip. Whichever part of the anatomy is irritated and inflamed, it squeezes the tendons and constricts their ability to slide within the sheath. The inflammation results in swelling and pain that can run from the tip of the thumb all the way down to the wrist and even the upper portion of the forearm. In Texting Thumb, you often feel the pain when you turn or flex your wrist or when you make a fist or grab something. It often occurs in gamers who play daily for long periods. The Technical Explanation Texting Thumb is technically known as De Quervains syndrome. There are many aliases for De Quervains syndrome with one in homage to the one-time mobile data king, Blackberry Thumb.   If you flatten your hand out with the back of your hand downward, then your thumb can move in two ways. It can move up and back down. This moves your thumb out of the plane of your hand and is called palmar abduction. Your thumb can also move left to right, staying within the plane of your hand. This type of movement is called radial abduction. These tendons are housed within synovial sheaths through the wrist passage. Synovial sheaths are kind of like a stiffer, outer tube that can bend but does not kink. The result is that when the wrist is bent or twisted, the tendons can still slide back and forth through the wrist passage without getting snagged. The tendons pass through an opening in the wrist on the thumb side. This opening is covered in a slippery membrane called tenosynovium. Constant friction against this surface by inflamed synovial sheaths can cause inflammation in the tenosynovium as well. Inflammation of a tenosynovium is called tenosynovitis. The tendons involved in De Quervains syndrome are those attached to the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus muscles, or the muscles that move your thumb in radial abduction. The muscles run side by side on the back of your forearm towards your wrist and the tendons run along the thumb, from the tip to your wrist through an opening in your wrist where they then attach to the muscles. In De Quervains syndrome, irritation from repetitive stress causes the inflammation in the tendon or synovial sheath, which leads to swelling and enlarges a portion of the tendon making it difficult for the tendon to pass through the opening in the wrist. Or it causes inflammation in the tenosynovium, which results in the same thing. Often, when one is swollen, it causes the other to become irritated and inflamed as well, thereby compounding the problem. Take Care of Yourself! If left untreated,  Texting Thumb can worsen and the repetitive inflammation and irritation of the tendons synovial sheaths cause them to thicken and degenerate. This can result in permanent damage, leading to a loss of grip strength and/or range of motion as well as constant pain. De Quervains Syndrome can be treated at home  effectively if it has not gotten that severe. If you are a serious texter you should consider trying to prevent De Quervains syndrome to keep your hand healthy.

See description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

See description - Essay Example It has been known that many workers in the third world countries are not given proper care in their workplaces and thus this has lead to adversary affects to the health of these workers. The affects are so adverse at times that a precious life of a worker is lost during this process. Similarly these unsafe practices at the work places also lead to great economic losses to the companies. These adversary affects has led many of the research departments to look for a solution to this problem. As it can be seen nowadays that almost every company takes measures to ensure that their workers are being given an environment which is safe and healthy for them. An example can be quoted here of Deere & Company. The workers in this company work in the circle of forestry and other turf care stuff. The company has made efforts in the past to reduce injuries and provide proper safety to its workers. Moreover, the company has introduced special workers who are in charge of checking any sort of health issues to the workers during their practice of work. The Human Resources has been assigned the job of not only making sure that the workplace is safe but also assigns it to make sure that the workers are aware of healthy and safe practices during work. Hr is supposed to inform its workers as to which practices during work are safe and which are not. They should also inform the workers as to why these practices are safe. This problem of safety and health has become a problem of global intensity and thus organizations from all over the world are making sure that the workers are provided with safety and health. Two major organizations which ensure safety and health in workplace are International Labor Organization and World Health Organization. It has also been seen that the nature of a job can lead to certain safety and health concerns at the workplace. Thus it is the duty of the hr to make sure that the nature of the job is properly sought so that the employees are satisfied and not

Is it possible to reconstitute local manufacturing and local food Essay

Is it possible to reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets, or has Globalization ultimately made this impossible - Essay Example The researcher states that the term globalization is an overused word yet very few understand its true meaning. Globalization has always been defined by the narrow economic platform as an integration of national economies through a removal of barriers to free trade and commerce. A broader definition of globalization is the growing interconnection of social, cultural and economic systems. Globalization encompasses the processes, linkages, and exchanges which are global in nature. Ideally, globalization is a process that has been gradual, persistent and self-advancing for the last 400 years. MacGillivray holds that capitalism is one of the main drivers of globalization. Adam Smith, the father of capitalism and free trade held that human beings are driven by self-interest. Self-interest is not a bad thing but as a driving force behind every economic agent's action. Smith therefore believed that free market is the most ideal and progressive system in the world. Smith’s concept of a self-regulating unit is a fundamental contribution to capitalism and can help us understand the drive behind globalization. Each society wishes to maximize its own welfare, and that, different countries are endowed with different resources, technologies, and products that they produce cost-effectively. Therefore, trade enables each country to avail of the products of other societies which gives it the ultimate advantage, because by exchanging products that one society cannot produce cheaply with products that other societies can produce abundantly with lesser cost, both buyer and seller maximize their own welfare. An invention of large sailing vessels and discovery of better navigation system made it possible for countries across continents to interact and trade. Given the self- interest and the desire to maximize profits, mutual benefiting relationship across continents was forged, and that resulted in and globalization. From the definition above, there are two key terms that can help us understand the essence of globalization - interconnectedness, and processes.

Management 4330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management 4330 - Essay Example Kathryn eventually leads the team to acceptance of their difference and corrections or criticisms from their individuals. In fact, the final retreat or meeting reveals a team that openly corrects one another. They follow her decision to correct other egocentric employees like Mikey, who could not take criticism from her peers (Lencioni 64). Therefore, Kathryn used trustworthiness as a tool to do away with mistrust problems like backstabbing and lack of openness. Effective teams nurture others and encourage team work and the attribute was missing in the previous leadership at Decision Tech. The underlying assumption is that teams that encourage group work outperform than individuals working alone. The attribute was previously missing in Decision since the members had bad relationships and poor communication. All problems within the company are as a result of the team’s inability to communicate clearly. Kathryn inherited a team where individuals are more self-centered and put their ego before anything in the company. For instance, Mikey, the head of marketing, has trouble communicating what she feels about others in the company (Lencioni 20). Others like Jan, with her experience in finance management, looks down on others and also treat company money like hers. When firing the head of marketing, Kathryn confirms that the manner in which the marketing head behaves affects the morale of the team. The new CEO also complains that Mikey doe s not consider how her behavior might affect others. The previous team was so self-centered that the members could not event confront each other in meetings. At the group formation stage, the team always develops some norms where some are good while others are bad (Whetten and Cameron 498). At Decision Tech, Kathryn inherited a dysfunctional group with unique behavioral norms. One of the behavioral norms in the previous team was is the illusion of invulnerability. The team believed did past success and was

Reliance Industries Limited Business Environment Analysis

Reliance Industries Limited Business Environment Analysis Business environment is the constraints and opportunities that surround our businesses. This is about exploring the nature of the business in which it is being carried out. The analysis in this essay will be on business environment in which Reliance Industries Limited operates. Reliance Industries Limited or RIL is commonly known as Reliance. The company was founded by Shri. Dhirubhai H. Ambani in 1977 the company was initially started as a textile company and led its evolution as a world leader in materials and the energy value chain The Companys operations can be classified into four segments namely: Petroleum Refining and Marketing business Petrochemicals business Oil and Gas Exploration Production business Others There are two types of business environment INTERNAL and EXTERNAL environment Before coming on to the external forces, the internal forces should be made clear. The internal forces are those forces which are controlled by the organisation itself such as the resources knowledge and decision making Reliance in the above context has a wide variety of resources such as well qualified employees and infrastructure As far as knowledge and decision making is concerned Because Reliance recruits very well qualified persons thereby it reflects when it comes to the decision making process of the company External business environment comprises of Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. These factors can have appositive as well as a negative impact on the company. There are two types of external business environment i.e. micro and macro External micro factors are companys suppliers, transporters, agents, distributers, and wholesalers. External macro factors comprises of Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. The external micro factors can be influenced by the organisation whereas macro factors cannot be influenced by the organisation Polypropylene market in India Over the past forty years polypropylene growth has exceeded that of other major plastics and has become the largest volume commodity resin. Throughout the history of PP through research efforts of various companies, PP has continued to rapidly evolve with new generation of catalyst and post reactor technology. Because of the improvements made to process and application technology, this polymer has developed into one of the cost-effective bulk thermoplastic. Polypropylene is the worlds fastest growing polymer with an average growth rate of about 7-8%. It is very important for a company to understand and try to manage the external micro factors i.e. PEST forces as discussed above (P)OLITICAL FACTORS Political factors include government policies relating to the industry, tax policies, laws and regulations, trade restrictions and tariffs etc. As in any part of the world, political influence is highly essential to start a business in India. Especially if you are planning to start a multi-billion business, some sort of political patronage is an absolute necessity. Not only for safeguarding the interest of the company but even to begin the process of getting the required sanctions, one requires hold in the high echelons of politics and administrative circles. Reliance industries also hold a high echelon of political and administrative circles so as to safeguard the interest of a company and for getting the required sanctions. (E)CONOMICAL FACTORS The economic factors relate to changes in the wider economy such as economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate, etc. These factors comprise of Government intervention in the free market, infrastructure quality, economic growth rate, availability of labour, wage rate of labour. (S)OCIAL FACTORS Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, changes in tastes and buying patterns, etc. Safety of a person overrides all the production targets is the Health, Safety and Environment Policy of Reliance. Occupational Health Centres (OHCs) have been established to provide education on health and awareness issues, diagnostic camps and health exhibitions are also arranged. RIL also offers periodic medical examination of all the employees (including Contractors employees) along with their family members. In case of any hospitalisation RIL employees are supported by consistent co-operation and cashless hospitalisation amenities from one corner of a country to another. The company also provides fully equipped hospitals in all its major townships. The company also helps conduct Periodic potable water sampling analysis and health audits for the canteens and guest houses. A new initiative was launched by RIL called (CASHe) programme i.e. Change Agents for Safety, Health workplace Environment. This initiative was launched to promote healthy workplaces and reduce health and safety risks. It has also facilitated the Syndicate to advance its enactment on the occupational health and safety front. The companys long term objective is to address all environmental initiatives as they want to become more positive about water conservation, carbon neutral and conduct the maximum possible recycling and reuse of wastes. The company has further been reinforced in context of companys management framework with roles responsibilities, group standards and defined structures. RILs Patlganga plant has changed over to use of a cleaner fuel. This resulted in substantial reduction of suspended particulate substance and sulphur dioxide releases in the air. RIL has indoctrinated a practice to be in coordination with nature and in this circumstance, afforestation, upkeep of green belts and promoting lush green surroundings as they have decided to planted around 1,00,000 plants at the OT, gardens, vermin-compost of waste and its use as manure, they also reuse treated water for horticulture activities as a routine. (T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS The technological factors relate to the application of new inventions and ideas such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. RIL has always laid emphasis on RD, technology development and innovation. The reliance Group (RTG) undergoes various research and technology functions which help them produce improved value supply by leveraging all the abilities, and creating new prospects at the interfaces. At the time of recession also RIL did not even step back their zeal to innovate helped them convert the adversity into an opportunity. The company launched a ground-breaking initiative called mission kurukshetra which was aimed at emerging the organisation to rise to the occasion and also help the company to emerge stronger. This initiative not only helped in combatting the challenges with a win but also identified serial ideators; the enterprise facilitated them by rewarding them for their leadership. The Leading Expert Access Programme (LEAP). The people at RIL are inspired by leaders and also provide them access to global thought. The RIL draws an agenda on innovation with the help of The Reliance Innovation Leadership Centre (RILC) which helps the company to stay amongst one of the most innovative companies in the world. RIL continues its journey to make improvement a way of life and want to confirm that the growth of the next generation are led by innovation. Advantages of PEST analysis: PEST analysis is an effective and efficient tool, which provides a framework to an organisation for effective decision making. By making effective use of PEST analysis, one can ensure affirmative orientation of the business organisation. PEST analysis also helps an organisation in avoiding decisions which should not be taken. PEST analysis helps in making lawful decisions for the companies which are willing to enter into a new market. Disadvantages of PEST analysis: PEST analysis considers only the external business factors, but in reality all the factors should be considered in order to make effective decisions for an organisation. Most of the data gathered through this analysis is based on assumptions, which sometimes may not prove to be fruitful for an organisation. The rapid changes in the world economy can also make it difficult in analysing PEST factors for an organisation. Another factor which comes under consideration is the SWOT analysis of the company SWOT stands for strengths weakness opportunities and threats. RILs SWOT analysis is as follows: (S)TRENGTHS Consolidations: There are only two main players of in petrochemicals and a solid consolidation has been seen in last few years as 85% of polymer capacity is with these companies namely reliance and haldia (W)EAKNESS Low bargaining power from the suppliers: The input prices form nearly 50-60% of the raw material costs. Reliance being a petrochemical player does not have much of a negotiating power counter to the suppliers. Therefore they always remain unprotected to the prices of the raw material. Low bargaining to from the customers: As there is an increase in the input cost therefore the companies are not able to offer any price reductions or bargains to the customers. (O)PPORTUNITIES Low per capita income: Currently, domestic per person polymer consumption is nearly 4 kgs while if we see the global average it is nearly 20 kgs. This tells the fact that there is huge scope of volume expansion in INDIA as the market to be selected is very massive.therefore there is a massive scope of product development. Also, currently, India has a chemicals trade deficit of about US$ 1.5 bn a year, which leaves enough investment opportunities in the industry. (T)hreats Customs duties: The polymer industry has a protection from overseas competition by leveraging high import duties imposed by the government. However, of late, Import duty on polymers has been steadily reduced and is currently at 20%. As part of its commitment to various multilateral and bilateral trade agreements, the government is likely to reduce duties.

Free College Essays - The Obligations of Hector in Homer’s Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Obligations of Hector in Homer’s Iliad    In Homer’s Iliad, an extremely courageous and noble character is Hector, Prince of Troy.   Hector does not want war, so his decision to lead the assault on the Achaean forces may seem strange.   However, if there were a noble way out of the war, Hector might have taken it. â€Å"Without a noble escape, Hector is forced to fight†(Willcock 62).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     It does not seem to be rooted in his own belief that his brother Paris' actions are worthy of defense, or that Helen is a prize absolutely worth fighting for. In fact, although he feels fraternal affection for his brother, he reviles Paris several times for his selfishness and womanizing that has brought such grief to Troy. To Hecuba, he says "A great curse Olympian Zeus let live and grow in him [Paris], for Troy and high-hearted Priam and all his sons." (VI.334-5) He is angry at Paris, not only for the taking of Helen, but for his hiding from battle, allowing the other men of Troy to die for the trophy that Paris keeps in his bed. "You'd be the first to lash out at another -- anywhere -- you saw hanging back from this, this hateful war. Up with you -- before all Troy is torched to a cinder here and now!" he berates Paris (VI.389-90). And later, in the heat of battle, he cries again: "Paris, appalling Paris! Our prince of beauty -- mad for women, you lure them all to ruin!" (XIII.888-9) He is not fighting, then, out of respect for his brother's right to Helen. It is not that Hector believes that he is doing the right thing according to his own perception of the situation, only the honorable one, out of duty to country. Hector also has a personal stake in the battle -- he sees fighting his hardest as the only possible means of saving his beloved wife and child. He says to Andromache: "I would die of shame to face the men of Troy . . .if I would shrink from battle now, a coward." (VI.523-5) He goes on to evoke images of a widowed and enslaved Andromache, living far from home. However, it appears that his concern here is not entirely for her pain, but for the fact that people will speak of her as the woman whose husband, although brave, was not strong enough to fight off her day of slavery.

Camp Bow Wow

Camp Bow Wow The three broad management skills used by Camp Bow Wow managers are conceptual skills, human skills, and technical skill. Both managers at Camp Bow Wow use all three management skills. They both use conceptual skills and try to figure out tough situations that are not manageable and turn it in to manageable and also make sure that their new hires are trained the right way by promoting and mentoring new staff.Both of managers also use human skills. The managers make sure they motivate their employees. Sue the owner of the camp expectations are that her customers are happy with everything they did and want them to know that they have done everything to make their customer happy with their. Both managers try to make sure that the customers are happy and also that do everything to make the dogs safe and happy as well.Sue the owner has her camp counselor’s do a bit of everything at Camp Bow Wow. She makes sure the counselors can balance the dogs, answering phones, book ing reservations and working the front desk properly. To keep Camp Bow wow efficiently the counselors and the managers make sure keep and follow a daily schedule plane for the dogs. This includes activities like grooming, outdoor exercise, food, baths, and medical support.The managers try to make sure to balance customer service as effective and efficient, by trying to satisfy their customers with their service and also try to get the job done without any grey spots, because it’s important to the counselors and managers that their customers know that the counselors care about their dogs. The counselors and the managers do not want their customers to think that they only care about their efficient at Camp Bow Wow.They want them to feel that it’s more than that and want the customers to come back in the future. Two activities that leaders at Camp Bow Wow perform daily are making sure that the Pooches get a lot of personal attention, they both managers make sure that the dogs are groomed right, that they get their outdoor exercise and also get the medical support they need. This is very important to them because they want their customers to be satisfied and that they care about the dogs and also come back in the future for more service.

Jim Carrolls Drug Addiction in the Movie The Basketball Diaries by Leonardo Dicaprio

Jim Carrolls Drug Addiction in the Movie The Basketball Diaries by Leonardo Dicaprio The movie The Basketball Diaries by Leonardo Dicaprio has a close basis on the same name. It is a transposition of the adolescents of the late 60s brought up in a time, when the author Jim Caroll grew up to a period of about 15 years. It later infuses a period of rock music as experienced by the author.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jim Carrolls Drug Addiction in the Movie The Basketball Diaries by Leonardo Dicaprio specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The catholic school basketball team of, which Jim is a member is the best team in New York. However, one of their friends has leukemia and languishes in hospital for most of the time. On certain occasions, Jim engrosses himself on note taking for his journal and participates sexual activities as well as beginning to use drugs. This movie is an effective exploration of drug addiction with the performance of Leonardo DiCaprio granting it the position of the greatest proof of heroin addiction with a message for the negative impacts of drugs. The use of drugs in the film is easily misinterpreted for the first sessions of the movies, if one does not take keen interest in understanding the context. It is easy to think that the movie appreciates teenage use of drugs. However, towards the end of the movie, the message becomes clear and the message against drugs shows clearly and adequately placed. The performance of Leo in The Basketball Diaries, effectiveness of its message and its excellent cinematography gives it an edge in presentation of teachings through entertainment. After the bursting of Jim and apprehending of his friends, using drugs red handed by the couch, disintegration starts taking place in the group and most of the boys lose their essence for being thrown out of the team. Out on the streets, Jim takes advantage of the time without the guidance of his schooling. He becomes a betrayer, trickster and robs stores. All these are for the fulfill ment of his heroin addiction that is slowly overtaking his life and he must find a way of sustaining. Nothing seems to work for him and even Emmie Hudson (Reggie) who is a former addict is incapable of helping Jim in curing his addiction. His great basketball friend and drug friend is Mark Wahlberg and in such influence, he becomes an addict cameo to an extent that he ritualizes heroin shooting in a catholic mannerism. Given the background of the film, there is a missing aspect pertaining to the psychological constructs and denominational beliefs of Jim. The boy suffers from some inner conflict and that leaves him emotionally derailed given that his upbringing demands a different opinion towards drugs. This was a good catholic boy indulging into drugs and there is definitely emotional and psychological aspect leading him into trouble just like many kids of his age. At first, he is part of the hottest basketball team. Before any match, the team inhales heroin. They demoralize opponen t teams by beating them up and on some occasions even steal from them. However, the obsession Jim has with his journal entries sets him apart from his group. This is a point occasionally addressed through a voice over, though his indulgence in heroin taking before matches comes out pronounced leading to their expulsion from school and even leads to his mothers sending him away from home.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process takes Jim through several episodes of development stages. He soon realizes that his drugs addiction is overwhelmingly out of control and finds himself moving in with his mother once again. The movie brings out discussions over drugs abuse in a manner that journey with the struggles of Jim in his addiction. For example, when the boys talk about Wilt Chamberlain as the best basketball player, and later refer to him as â€Å"skinhead†, th ere is a divide between their attitudes regarding the best player around. The must be seeing him as a threat and that is why they look for a means of negating his capabilities through demeaning comments and references. The movies also takes a shot on the skimpy relationships Jim has with his friends while at the same time, it goes off his personal circles of daily dwellings. The presence of his mother only ensues into their arguing and the priest only presents questioning of the upbringing of Jim. There is definitely something missing about his parenting religion and schooling and these three aspects led to his acquired character in a manner that leaves questions regarding their specific contribution into shaping the boys life since he ends up as a drug addict and a delinquent in the society. This was a talented boy but his challenges presents him differently even through film. There ere occasions when he looks older and at times, he is a young teen in need of guidance. This contras ts his characterization depending on the situations. He becomes anguished in time when he despairs and this descent produces an obligatory feel regarding his realization of his drugs situation. Through psychosocial development, the advancement of age leads to development of resolutions resulting from interactions of environmental challenges where there is the battle between ego and integrity. This is evident in Jim and his team mates and as his ego takes control he lets down his integral guard by going contrary to initial beliefs (Whitbourne, Zuschlag, Elliot Waterman,1992). Through the recording of his feelings, Jim indulges in drugs and develops a self- defensive nature for his character. This is a period when there is defiance to all authority figures such as the priest’s rigidity at school and his mother. They enjoy being tough at opponent teams, jumping off risky cliffs and indulging in drugs. The recordings help him to keep track of his practices leading to his point o f realization and desire to quit drugs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jim Carrolls Drug Addiction in the Movie The Basketball Diaries by Leonardo Dicaprio specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The coming of Emie into his life builds the autonomy of his drug abuse leading him into the creation of an initiative for trust in his mother who plays a key role in accepting his return back home (Bolland, Whitehead Oldham, 2008). He manages to make a resolution and this is a point when his ego goes down and he has to behave in readiness for making changes for his mature years (Whitbourne, Sneed, Sayer, 2009). In the movie, the entertainment contained within lasts for as long as the young boy displays the childish activities of Jim and his group. This fun goes as far as that sort of situation remains intact until the descent of the teams succumbing into drugs onsets such as through Bobby. It is the point of descent in the movi e caused by his downfall as it makes the efforts of portraying the frustrations triggered by teenage addiction to drugs. This shows the worsening of his relationships, though it never gets it right with episodes of his struggles turning overly melodramatic. His running out of money makes the life tough for him and for the audience to a point when it is eminent that there is need for recovery. There are also gay characteristics in the movie reeking possibilities of homophobia and this can easily be related to the single parenting background of Jim and the environment they join. The turning point of the whole situation comes when the hustle becomes tough for Jim as the gay community takes advantage of him at a toilet just so he can get drugs. The neighborly Emie Hudson guides Jim to a turning point. Jim obviously notices the problem he has and that is his reason for going back home. He can no longer contain the homophobia and clearly desires to clean-up. References Bolland, K., Whiteh ead, J., Oldham, M. (2008). A Safety Monitoring Procedure for a Clinical Drug Development Program, with Application to the Assessment of a Novel COX-2 Inhibitor. Journal Of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 18(4), 737-749. doi:10.1080/10543400802071410 Whitbourne, S., Sneed, J. R., Sayer, A. (2009). Psychosocial development from college through midlife: A 34-year sequential study. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 13281340. doi:10.1037/a0016550 Whitbourne, S. K., Zuschlag, M. K., Elliot, L. B., Waterman, A. S. (1992). Psychosocial development in adulthood: A 22-year sequential study. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 63(2), 260-271. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.260Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Descriptive Essay SPLISH SPLASH †English Paper(100 Level Course)

Descriptive Essay SPLISH SPLASH – English Paper(100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Descriptive Essay SPLISH SPLASH English Paper(100 Level Course) My happy place is a huge, white mass that sits in the corner of my bathroom. This gigantic bowl is the one place in my house releases all my stress when I’m in it. The bathtub, I believe can cure almost anything. It’s soothing and isolated for those days when you want to shut out the world and curl up in your own little cocoon. Or on those rainy nights when you want to sit in hot water and listen to the rain hit the roof top. While I sit inside the soothing, warm waters I begin to feel at peace. The dark room makes the bubbles glisten in the candlelight. As I begin to grow warm I feel a sudden tiredness come over me. I lay my head back and rest as the scent of the bubble bath begins to fill the room. At this point everything has been lifted and I feel like I am in my incubator and never want to leave. During the time when I am inside the bathtub I hear slow music in the background. Whether this is music I am playing on a CD or singing myself, depends. The light sound of cracking bubbles also is present in my quiet surrounding. Sometimes the rather vivid and annoying noise of the jets will accompany my music but isn’t on for long because of its disturbing loudness. As I sit back with my eyes closed I can almost hear the candles glowing, as if they were angels singing praises to God. All the sounds I hear in the bathtub, besides the occasional jets, contribute to my peaceful, serine atmosphere. When closing my eyes and listening to my music I begin to smell the freshness of the bubble bath. The perfumed oil has now become beautiful bubbles of delicious scents. The smell of cinnamon and flowers are also present from the candles setting all around my bathtub. Together these different scents make up the most magnificent peaceful aroma. Taking baths is one of my favorite things to do. From the sound of bubbles to the smell of fresh flowers, baths are peaceful indulgences. When inside the warm, scented liquid you will feel a total peace and calming. The worries and responsibilities of your hectic life will disappear for this short time period and you will find yourself in another world. A world all your own that nobody can take from you. Research Papers on Descriptive Essay SPLISH SPLASH - English Paper(100 Level Course)The Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Hockey GameNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and Canada

Impact of Culture on Business Management Japan Essay

Impact of Culture on Business Management Japan - Essay Example Japan is an economic super power nonetheless so one needs to look beneath the surface and see why their productivity is highest in the world and how they are able to flex their economic muscles so well despite being such a tiny nation. Japan is an Island country separated from rest of Asia which enabled it to develop a unique culture quite different even from China form which it has borrowed heavily. This culture can be defined in nutshell as closely knit (team spirit), (elders), sincerity towards work, networking (trust only in known names) and deferring to seniority. Team spirit is the guiding force in all facets, from the family to all rungs of the corporate ladder even politics. Goel observes that to get ahead one has to get along. A nail that sticks out gets pounded down is an oft repeated saying in Japan. The group is more important than an individual; individuals are defined by the group. ( http://www. uwf.edu/ lgoel/documents/ AObservationsonJapanese Culture Pol . pdf). They are taught to be considerate to others feelings and take lot of care to make all around them comfortable. They take their work very seriously. Punctuality in starting work and formal atmosphere is the norm everywhere. It is rare to hear laughter or see backslapping except during breaks. Working late is a routine which many a times is not even reported or paid for. With computerization most of them carry work home almost everyday. Loyalty and fidelity towards the employer is taken for granted and it is common for them to work for the same firm for their entire life. They do not like to deal with complete strangers so usually shokai-sha (introducer) is the go between. Thus having a known person for introduction goes a long way in trust building. They place high value on seniority, more senior the introducer better impact it carries. Shokai-sha is even present during the contract signing ceremony. Business Communication and Management Style- Both the countries have totally different business communication and management styles which are the result of their opposing cultures and work habits. Japanese mistrust of strangers shows in the number of questions and take time taken to reach a decision. It is important to remember that to get them to compromise one has to show willingness to compromise too. Politeness is never abandoned; harmony is never threatened even in case if something disagreeable needs to be communicated, silence reigns and a lot of pondering is done for a long time. Usually the subject gets changed and diverted to trivial social chit chat. Decisions are reached only after consensus has been reached amongst all the team members so they like to break meetings to have private words with each other. Patience needs to be cultivated for interacting with the Japanese. Business structures in Japan like in other walks of life like political, academic and religious spheres is like that of the parent and child. In this the superior (parent) takes care of the subordinate, who is supposed to be obliged and repay it. Corporations often pay for personal needs like housing, excursions, outdoor activities of their employees and their families in return for life long employment. They don't like to break harmony or say no on the face directly for the fear of humiliating the other person, so they come across as "reserved, cautious,