National Family Welfare Program

The institution of family is as old as man himself. It is the basic social cell. Sociologists and economists have always been propounding the ways to improve quality of life, which is difficult to achieve if the population remains unchecked. India launched a nation-wide Family Welfare Program in 1952, during the first five year plan, making it the first country in the world to do so. COMPONENTS The National family welfare Program in India has five components: A. Maternal and child health, extended to reproduction and child health care.B. Immunization of pregnant women by tetanus toxoid and that of children infant and preschoolers by BCG, oral polio , diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles. C. Nutritional supplement- Iron and folic acid to pregnant women and children. Vit. A to prevent blindness D. Contraceptive education and distribution free and social marketing i. e Contraceptive Nirodh, Oral Contraceptive i. e Mala D, copper –T and that of voluntary surgical contracepti on E. Health education on primary health care particularly motivation to accept contraception.Emphasis on vasectomy was made in the national program, currently spacing contraception is promoted. A. Maternal and Child Health{MCH} It relates to health of mother during pregnancy, childbirth and post-natal period and that of newborn and neo-natal health. Reproductive and Child Health (RCH)- relates to extended MCH with adolescent and post-menopausal woman’s health. The RCH package covers: 1. Pre-reproductive Adolescent years: Health care of adolescent girl including health promotion, safe age of marriage > 20 years, prevention of unsafe abortion and prevention of sexually transmitted disease (STD/AIDS) . Reproductive Years †¢Contraception. †¢Legal Abortion ( MTP) †¢Effective RCH care to ensure safe motherhood. Risk approach RCH care is streamlines Male involvement in RCH care is essential. †¢Effective nutritional education to all and services to the vulnera ble group. †¢Service to promote child survival. †¢Prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infection and sexually transmitted disease including HIV/AIDS high risk labor by automobile transport. †¢Prevention and treatment of gynecological problems menstrual disorders or infertility. 3. Post reproductive Years †¢Prevention and care of genital prolapse Education on menopause. †¢Screening and treatment of cancer especially cervical cancer. B. Immunization: Immunization to the mother and child was made one of the important approach. The WHO launched its Expanded program on immunization against six most common preventable childhood diseases, viz. diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, polio, tuberculosis and measles. The government of India launched its EPI in 1978 with the objective to reduce mortality and morbidity resulting from vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood and to achieve self sufficiency, in the production of vaccine.UIP in India w as started in 1985. It has two vital components i. e. immunization of pregnant women against tetanus and immunization of children in their first year against the six targeted diseases. C. Nutritional supplement †¢Special Nutrition program: This program was started in 1970 for the nutritional benefit of children below 6 years of age, pregnant and nursing mothers and is in operation in urban slum, tribal areas and backward rural areas. The supplementary food supplies about 300 Kcal and 10-12 gms of protein per child per day.The beneficiary mothers receive daily 500 Kcal and 25 gms of protein. This supplement is provided to them for about 300 days in an year. †¢Balwadi Nutrition Program: This program was started in 1970 for the benefit of children in the age group 3-6 years. It is under the overall charge of Department of Social Welfare. The food supplement provides 300 Kcal and 10gms of protein per child. †¢Mid-day Meal Program: The program was started in 1961 with an o bjective to promote school admissions, prevent drop-outs and improve literacy of children. The food should be a supplement not a substitute. ?Should supply at least 1/3rd of total energy and half of total protein requirement. ?Economical. ?Should be such that can be easily prepared at schools. ?Locally available. ?Avoid monotony. †¢Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) ?Improvement of the nutritional and health status of children below 6 years of age, ? Basic service for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child, ? Reduction in the incidence of morbidity, mortality, malnutrition and school dropout, ?Effective coordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development and ? Improvement of the capability of mother to look after normal health needs of the children. For achieving these objectives following steps were taken ?Supplementary Nutrition ?Immunization ?Health check-up ?Referral services ?Health and nutrition education ?Non-formal pre-school education. †¢Creches for the children of working or ailing mothers. †¢Welfare of Handicapped children ?Scholarships ?Model schools. ?Educational and rehabilitative services. Financial assistance to voluntary organization. ?Integrated education with normal children in ordinary schools. ?Training of teachers. ?Manufacture and development of special aids. ?Special employment exchanges. †¢The Under-five clinic. This type of service was developed to dispense preventive curative and promotive health services in a unified manner The Under-Five card consists of – record of weight, assessment of nutrition and necessary nutritional advice, Immunization, family planning advice, treatment of Illness. D. Contraceptive education and distribution:Contraception education received a new impetus with the creation of the Mass Education Media (MEM) division within the Department of Family welfare during the Inter-plan period of 1966-69. U nder free distribution schemes and the Social Marketing Program, contraceptives, both condoms and oral pills are sold at subsidized rates. E. Health Education on Primary Health Care. Health education on following components was given through various Health professionals. ?MCH care. ?Immunization. ?Nutrition supply and Education. ?Adequate supply of safe Drinking Water, Personal Hygiene and basic sanitation. Prevention and control of local endemics. ?Appropriate treatment of common diseases and Injuries LANDMARKS oFirst five year plan- (1952-1955)- †¢Establishment of few clinics ?Training and research was conducted. oSecond five year plan- (1961-1966)- †¢Integrated family planning †¢Health education activities and †¢Community development programs. oThird five year plan- (1961-1966)- ?Family was declared as â€Å"the very centre of planned development†. ?The emphasis was shifted from the purely â€Å"clinical approach† to the more vigorous â€Å"exte nsion education approach† for motivating the people for acceptance of the â€Å"small family norm†.Fourth Five year Plan- (1964- 1974)- †¢Family planning services were rendered through sub centers, PHCs and MCH and Family welfare centers. †¢All India Post Partum Program was started in 1970 to motivate mother for planning soon after delivery. †¢In 1972, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was implemented. oFifth Five Year Plan- (1974- 1979) – †¢Renamed as Department of Family Welfare. †¢Population control and Family Planning were made con current subject in January 1977 by the 42nd amendment of constitution. †¢1977- Program got a boost by the involvement of VHGs, Indigenous Trained Dais and local opinion leaders. Sixth Five Year Plan- (1980 – 1985) – †¢To attain Health For All by year 2000, through Primary Health Care Approach the Government accepted National Health Policy in 1983 which laid down following goals: ? Net Reproductive Rate : 1 ?Crude Birth Rate : 21/1000 live births ?Crude death rate : 9/1000 population ?Couple protection rate : 60% oSeventh Five Year Plan ( 1985- 1990) – †¢Department of family welfare was separated from Ministry of Health †¢Universal immunization Program, oral rehydration therapy and various other MCH programs.All these programs were brought together under the Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program (CSSM) oEighth Five Year Plan (1992 – 1997) – †¢Top priority to slower rate of population. †¢Focus on delivery of quality services and integration of other services. †¢April-96 – Target free approach was announced emphasised on providing quality services on demand based on the need of people. †¢RCH – launched, included; ?All components of safe motherhood programme with added components of RTI/STI. ?All components of Child Survival. ?Fertility regulation with a focus on quality care. Aims: To improve the management services at central, state, district and block level ? Seeks to attain holistic approach in implementation of this programme ? Focus on neglected geographical areas. ?Focus on previously neglected segments of population. oNinth Five Year Plan- (1997 -2002) – †¢Objectives – ?Reduction in population growth ?Meeting all felt needs for contraception ?Reducing IMR and MMR and Maternal Morbidity Rate so that reduced fertility rate is achieved. ?1997 -Target Free Approach was renamed as Community need Assessment Approach. ?A Comprehensive National Population Policy 2000 for achieving set goals and objectives.There has been significant decline in the mortality and fertility rates due to successive growth and development of family planning programe as shown in the following figure. CONCLUSION: The Family Planning Programme in India has come a long way and is considered as a way of life by most people. It can be seen from the figure that there has been an im pressive increase in the outlays in the successive plan period. But in reality the outlay for each plan falls short especially for taking up any new venture because most of the cost is utilized for maintaining the infrastructure.

Community Health in the Event of a Sars Outbreak Essay

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, originally reported in Asia in February 2003 and spread to over two dozen countries before being contained (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005). Once infected, individuals with SARS initially develop a high fever and other flu-like symptoms including headache, body aches and â€Å"overall feeling of discomfort† before, in most cases, progressing to pneumonia (CDC, 2005). The disease was first diagnosed in a middle-aged man who had flown from China to Hong Kong. A few days after the announcement of the disease, rumors and panic began to spread, causing people to buy out food and supplies, as the Chinese government insisted the disease was under control and insisted on calm (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). As the disease killed the man and the physician diagnosing the disease, it continued to spread through multiple countries, infecting thousands of people and killing hundreds (â€Å"SARS,† 2011). By the end of the month, Hong Kong and Vietnam were reporting cases of severe and â€Å"atypical† pneumonia (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). In March 2003, the WHO issued a global health alert and an emergency travel advisory, and United States officials encouraged all citizens to suspend non-essential travel to the affected countries and Singapore, Ontario and Hong Kong initiated home quarantine (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). Schools in Southeast Asia closed and there were significant economic effects as well as air travel stalled and business worldwide was affected. In April, countries threatened to quarantine entire planeloads of people if anyone on board showed symptoms, and others threatened jail time for those who obstruct the attempts to control the disease (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). On April 3, 2003, SARS became a communicable disease for which a healthy person suspected of being infected in the United States could be quarantined against their will (â€Å"Executive Order,† 2003). By June 2003, the number of new cases had slowed down enough to end the daily WHO updates and travel advisories were slowly being lifted (â€Å"SARS,† 2011). On July 5, the WHO declared SARS had been contained (â€Å"WHO,† 2003). As of 2005, no new cases of person-to-person transmission have been reported (â€Å"Surveillance,† 2005). Indicators and Data The main epidemiological indicators for SARS identified by leading healthcare organizations such as the WHO and EpiNorth are the incubation period, infectious period, and case-fatality ratios (World Health Organization: Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response [WHO/DCDSR], 2003; Kutsar, 2004). According to the WHO, the median incubation period reported was 4-5 days, with a minimum reported incubation period of 1 day in 4 cases and a maximum of 14 days reported in China. After further analysis of 1425 cases it was determined that 95% of patients would begin to experience symptoms within 14. 22 days on infection (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). The infectious period, or the period of communicability, was determined to be within the second week of illness, when patients are more severely ill and experiencing rapid deterioration (Kutsar, 2004). During the SARS outbreak of 2003, 8,093 people were infected and 774 of these people died as a result of their infection, with a case-fatality rate of 9. 6% (CDC, 2005; â€Å"Revised U. S. Surveillance,† 2003). The cases were reported from 29 countries on 4 continents, with 29 cases from the United States (â€Å"Revised U. S. Surveillance,† 2003). Other epidemiologic factors affecting the spread of SARS were found, as well. Twenty-one percent of all cases were healthcare workers involved in procedures that generated aerosols, with 3% of the United States cases and 43% of the Canadian cases being people in this group (Kutsar, 2004). Other risk factors found included â€Å"household contact with a probable case of SARS, increasing age, male sex and the presence of co-morbidities† and, in China the slaughter of wildlife for human consumption (WHO/DCDSR, 2003, p. 14). Routes of Transmission In the laboratory setting, the virus was found in respiratory droplets, feces, saliva, tears and urine (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). SARS is primarily spread through close, personal contact, such as kissing, hugging, eating or drinking, as well as being within 3 feet of a person who coughs or sneezes while infected and shedding the virus. These activities allow the respiratory droplets shed during these activities to come in contact with mucous membranes found in the eyes, nose and mouth (Kutsar, 2004). Other modes of transmission include aerosolizing procedures in hospital settings and contamination of surfaces in â€Å"healthcare facilities, households and other closed environments† (Kutsar, 2004, para. 12). There has been no confirmation of fecal-oral transmission or of transmission via water or food; however, over one-third of the earliest cases in China were among food handlers (Kutsar, 2004). Finally, there is a possibility of animal vector transmission, as discussed in regards to the Hong Kong’s Amoy Gardens (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). Effect of Outbreak on Community The SARS outbreak caused major effects on the communities affected. Based on the 2003 outbreak, one can assume similar issues would develop should the disease recur. The biggest impact to communities affected would be the strain on the healthcare system. Since SARS is a largely respiratory disease, it can cause very serious problems in the patients infected, requiring hospitalization in many cases. In the 2003 outbreak, population most likely to develop SARS was healthcare workers. As such, an increase in hospitalizations within a community with a decreased amount of healthcare workers worsens the strain on the community’s healthcare system. Further effects on the community in the event of a SARS outbreak would be seen in the closing of public buildings, such as schools. If the schools closed, as they did in Southeast Asia during the 2003 outbreak, families with two working parents would have to find alternatives for their children. With employment rates in the United States being low at this time, many people may be hesitant to ask for time off work, fearing that someone else would easily replace them in their position. These concerns could also increase the possibility of mass transmission, as many people may try to continue working while sick, not realizing they were carrying the deadly disease. Additionally, many people may procrastinate seeking medical advice on their symptoms, fearing they would be instructed to stay home from work, hospitalized or even quarantined. As evidenced in laboratory studies of the virus, virus secretion increases as the disease lingers (Kutsar, 2004). Simply, the longer a person is infected, the more easily they transmit the infection to others. As more and more of the community becomes infected, and possibly quarantined, other services in the community will suffer. Grocery store shelves may remain empty longer, as healthy staff struggle to keep up with the demand. Mail delivery may lengthen due to more postal carriers becoming ill and staying home. Businesses in general may be forced to shorten their hours due to an inability to schedule staff, resulting in problems with banking, supplies, and even medication disbursement. Further, the community health system would be greatly stressed, as the number of people needing care would grow, potentially covering a larger area than normally served and straining the resources of the public health system. This strain would impact all of the programs served out of the local offices, impacting even more people. Protocol In the State of Illinois, SARS is listed with the Class I(a) conditions that have been declared to be â€Å"contagious, infectious, or communicable and may be dangerous to the public health,† and, needs to be reported to the local health department within three hours of initial clinical suspicion (Control of Communicable Diseases Code, 2008). This can be done electronically through mail, phone, fax or the web-based system, I-NEDSS (Illinois National Electronic Disease Surveillance System) and will include case name and contact information as well that of the physician. After the local public health office has been notified, they will contact the Illinois Department of Public Health, also within three hours using the same techniques. This report shall include race, gender, and ethnicity as well (Control of Communicable Diseases Code, 2008). These reports are sent via the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and allows the CDC to monitor new cases and disease trends as well as evaluate the efficiency of prevention and control activities, program planning and evaluation, and policy development (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). Modification of Care As a community health nurse, one must be constantly aware of changes in the environment served. If a report of poor air quality is issued while the community health nurse is caring for patients suffering from asthma and other respiratory disorders, immediate action must be taken as the poor air quality can cause exacerbations. First, the nurse will need to prioritize the patient load—which patient is the most susceptible to this change in air quality and should be seen first? Then, the nurse will begin calling or, if time allows, visiting the patients to check in and provide further direction. Some of the interventions the nurse may suggest are to stay indoors closing all windows and doors to prevent the poor air from entering the home and interfering with the patient’s breathing. Additional suggestions would be to limit activity which would increase the oxygen demand in the patient’s body, resulting in faster, less efficient respirations. Patients should be reminded to keep their rescue inhalers with them at all times, as well as to be sure and take all their preventative medications as prescribed. If the nurse is making home visits, s/he will be checking the medication bottles to see if the patient has been compliant. While in the home, she will auscultate the patient’s lungs to assess for worsened wheezing from baseline and recommend a visit to the patient’s physician if necessary. As the air quality reports improve in the next few days, the nurse will continue to monitor those patients most susceptible to ensure they have no residual effects from the previous days.

Is America a False Hope for Transexuals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is America a False Hope for Transexuals - Essay Example We see that while doing this, the issue becomes very tricky indeed. It is unusual for one who hails from the continent of Asia to refer to him/herself as being "Asian," but rather to identify him or herself as Japanese, Thai, Indonesian, etc. Similarly, we are led to question if a transsexual does not prefer to be more specific about his or her identity as a transsexual. Go to Wikipedia, and you will be inundated with a huge variety of external links, each one catering to a very specific type of transsexual. We see sections devoted to "trans men to women," "trans women to men," and "trans youth." In spite of the ridicule surrounding the phenomena of transsexuals, (and there is no question that this ridicule does in fact exist) we find many sophisticated medical journals either devoted to or featuring information on this topic, such as "The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association's Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders," "The Gender Trust - The UK Charity f or the support of trans individuals, their friends & family, employers and professionals," " Definition and Synopsis of the Etiology of Adult Gender Identity Disorder and Transsexualism as published by the Gender Identity Research and Education Society." (Wikipedia, under the term "Transsexual.")In order to really see the issue of transsexuals, their place in our society and how the majority of Americans regard them, we need to first dispel certain myths about them. How do transexuals view themselves What do they have to say"A transsexual is a person in which the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are exactly opposite the physical sex organs of the body. "Gender and Sex are very separate things, though the terms are often considered interchangeable by the less aware. Sex is physical form and function while Gender is a component of identity. There can be considered to be some legitimate overlap in that the brain is structured in many sex-differentiated ways, and the brain is the seat of identity."A transsexual person, born to all appearance within a given physical sex, is aware of being of a gender opposite to that physical sex. This conflict, between gender identity and physical sex, is almost always made manifest from earliest awareness, and is the cause of enormous suffering. It is common for transsexuals to be aware of their condition at preschool ages." (http://www.transsexual.org/What.html) To further learn about the lives of transsexuals in America, we need to go to the source and take a glimpse at their situation and how they are treated by society. To really put things into perspective, it may help to start with the story of David Reamer. As an

The New Jim Crow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The New Jim Crow - Essay Example have been facing a number of consequences barring them from gaining equal representation in the country which has been posing as a problem especially to those that have been boxed as prisoners. The author writes, â€Å"The clock has been turned back on racial progress in America, though scarcely anyone seems to notice. All eyes are fixed on people like Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey who have defied the odds and achieved great power, wealth and fame.† An insight has been provided into the Jim Crow laws which in the past had replaced slavery and thus an explanation of how the same is required in order to deal with minority groups of people belonging to different castes so as to not relegate them to a racial status. The main aim of this piece of writing is to renovate the idea of human rights and equality in the minds of people in order to provide justice to criminals as well as make transparent data and information before wrongfully incarcerating

Online Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example According to Safko and Brake (2009), the social media models have been built on a basic framework of interconnecting people regardless of their location, ethnicity, religion, educational background, or any other discriminating factor. In addition, the social media models rely on the use of the internet and various gadgets that can enable the user to access the internet. It is of essence to note that the social media models are differentiated based on the type of users, features, and capability, for example, LinkedIn interconnects professionals while Instagram mostly enable the sharing of photos. According to Shelton (2013), the number of users that a social media site has and the levels of responses as well as interactions between the users within the social media site are used as the main frameworks for evaluating the social media sites. As part of the social enterprise of the Ashoka Organisation, the social media strategy that is proposed aims at utilizing the social media sites to address the social problem among individuals who are leaving in self-isolation and have no one to talk to and share their feelings. Goleman (2007) stated that it is critical to address this social problem because these types of people have been known to committee extreme criminal activities such as the shooting cases in the United States whereby individuals shoot and kill innocent people. The perpetrators of such crimes have been commonly known to be people who leaved in self-isolation and they rarely interacted with friends, and therefore, no one in particular could tell what they were thinking. A participant will be recruited if it can be proved that he or she does not interact well with others, has no account in social media sites meaning that he or she does not interact with friends through social sites, or he or she lives in a secluded house that does not permit interaction with neighbors. Facebook is preferable for this strategy because it has numerous features that

What was the political and strategic contribution of amphibious Essay

What was the political and strategic contribution of amphibious operations to the korean war 1950-53. does this input offer any guidance to the modern UK amphibious force - Essay Example Historically, successful strategic implementation of such operations was attained by Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror during invasion of Britain. Later on, further development in war techniques and addition of air force has led to considerable changes in the existing situation. Since the World War I onwards, the art of strategic warfare reflected that if success through an amphibious attack needs to be attained, perfect cooperation is required among each three division of an army and implementation of this reflection attained its culmination during the Second World War (Schwartz 310). While the success and consequent onslaught of the Third Reich was holding the entire world with a stronger grip, participation of the United States in the backdrop of the World War II and naval collaboration of the American and Royal Navy introduced the â€Å"Golden Age of Amphibious Warfare† (Alexander, and Bartlett 1). The entire course of the World War II was changed due to several amph ibious landings conducted by naval forces of these two nations and the highest success of such collaborative effort came through success of the D-Day operation on 6th June 1944 (Alexander, and Bartlett 1). By the end of the Second World War it was clearly realized that proper co-ordination among various departments of an army and their adequate cooperation with that of the naval department is absolutely essential to win a war and development of a well-balanced naval force, thus, received considerable attention from the national security perspective. However, due to the huge financial loss that the United States and British government experienced, it order to recover from the situation, they did not have any other option than to reduce allocation of budget for defense system, leading to not only reduction in the total number of armed forces but also

Critique the paper 'Are the women in Management victims of the male Essay

Critique the paper 'Are the women in Management victims of the male norm' (Billing, 2011) - Essay Example Before the critical review, a summary of the article will be drawn, based on the main points and conclusion of the article. The effectiveness of the structure of article will be analysed in the next stage. These sections will also investigation about the setting of information and the ease of availability. After that, the essay will critically examine the article, giving thrust to its major points and its relevance in the current environment. The critique will also include article’s authority, objectivity, accuracy, currency and coverage (Centre for Academic Excellence, 2008). Accessibility as well as credibility of the article will be judged on the basis of the various criteria discussed above. Overall the article was clear, well written and relevant. Article summary The purpose of the article is to explore work practise norms and gender issues that influence and affect women in workplace. The article has given special attention to women working in managerial position. Accord ing to the author, most of the managerial positions in workplace are expected to be filled by men. As a result, women find it difficult while holding or accepting a position. In order to further this investigation, the author has used a primary research method, doing a survey with 20 women in managerial positions. ... Article structure In order to provide a thesis or stance to the developed article, it was introduced with a short abstract. This abstract provided a brief overview of the critical points in the article. The rationale was included for the article as well as the research. The article contained short paragraphs and access to information was easy. However, only 3 headings were provided for the main body thus segregating a lot of information in each heading. Most of the information provided in the article was conventional. For example, a proper review of the literature and post works was done before doing the survey. And the results were analysed using the similarity between what has been said and what was found through the survey (Armstrong, Henson and Savage, 2009). However, the conclusion formed at the end of the article was too short to come to a final decisive argument. There was no comprehensive summary of the crucial points in order to review the findings. At the end, links to jour nals, subjects, references, authors were provided to allow better evaluation of the author’s work (Craswell, 2005). However, providing links at each heading world have made the evaluation process much faster and easier. Article critique In the article the main argument which the author has put is the relevance of using male as the general norm which explains the difficulties of women in management. According to the author, the idea that women do not belong to the managerial place and they are basically ‘others’ in this managerial place is based on few rigid ideas pertaining to male norms (Acker, 2006). But given the fact that these norms have generated from ideas which are ages old, the credibility of these male norms are in question. The sections of

Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Literary Analysis - Essay Example (American Literature,2008). Sherwood Anderson, the American writer with a number of characters emerging in the story tries to describe the narrow mindedness and indifferent approach in people’s thinking and the resistance that the society offers to one who desires change and development. The storyline is a journey of a young man, George Willard, taking a train to Westbound from Winesburg. The journey is a symbolic representation of the urge to change and the process of striving across the limiting factors. An indication of inspiration and hope reveals while reading in between the lines of the first few sentences of the story. A commentary on the book by Sparknotes (2008) has reiterated this factor of inspiration as it is stated that George Willard in his journey is taking the readers also along with him. The buds sprouting after the fall represents the scope and the fortune waiting the young generation. A representation of the young generation has been made as George Willard, the main character of the story is said to wake up early in the morning. The carpet that the maple leaves pave under the foot symbolizes the future and fortune ahead, if the road towards a change is taken. The concern on the future has been portrayed as the boy had been thinking and wondering on what he would find at the end of the journey. Further, George Willard passes across a boy who was snoring in the coat laid in the hotel office. Here the main character is overtaking a representative of the lazy young generation in the journey towards change. A ray of hope and prosperity is brought in to the scene by the long streaks of light climbing into the sky. However the goodness of the past is still twinkling, as a star of the previous night is still found in the sky. When the boy walks into the lonely street it becomes obvious that in his journey of change he is alone, which in other ways is a representation of a revolutionary thought for development and the

Digital Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Digital Communication - Research Paper Example Digital communication is the transfer or transmission of data from point to another and it is generally encoded digitally and this form of communication was first emerged in 1920's but its presence was there since the establishment of general communication. Since its emergence new technologies have been seen in the world. Basically the history of digital communication revolves around the three basic networks, i.e. computer, telephone and Cable TV. T1 similarly, emerged in 1960's during the digital upheaval in the roots of the U.S telephone network. But now it is used irresistible for data broadcasting. It is due to the telephone companies that T1 exists in this world. Due to the continuous improvements in technology of Digital communication, new communication systems emerged as some of the major today's digital communication systems includes GSM, iDEN, CDMA and others. In general this research paper includes the history of digital communication and T1 and the main components included in this report is the description of digital communication and T1, its application. This report explains and emphasizes how different people contributed in this field and brought new revolutions and new technologies and how it is being used in the present situation. Digital CommunicaDigital Communication Digital Communication is also known as data transmission in which the data is physically transferred through a communication channel, i.e. point-to- point or point-to-multipoint. The data transmitted during this communication process are electro-magnetic signals such as microwave signals, electrical voltage signals or infra-red signals, while copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication, storage media are the most common communication channels used. When data is being transmitted, it mostly uses digital messages which are originated from mostly a computer or a keyboard. Digital communication or data transmission is a sub field from data communications, and also has a strong background with telecommunications and electrical engineering. T1 T1 is also known as DS1, is a T-carrier signaling scheme which was developed by Bell Labs and is mainly used to transmit voice and data between different devices. It is mostly used in telecommunication departments in North America and Japan. T1 is defined as a mean that carries multiple voice and involves data conversion in a single line in a full duplex (transmission method that involves that transmits and receive the information at the same time) synchronous data transmission technique where the data is transmitted at an aggregate speed of 1.544 Mbps. The T1 circuit is made up of twenty four 8 bit channel, in whicj each cannel comprises of 64 kbits/s carrier circuits. History of Digital Communication Digital communication has been used since the advent of communication, when data was transmitted through non-electrical means such as optical and mechanical. The

An Islamic Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Islamic Film - Movie Review Example â€Å"Ae Fond Kiss† is a remarkable film by Ken Loach. The film appeared before its audiences in the year 2004. Being a romantic drama by nature, the film had enough material to glue its audiences to the theatre seats. But the most essential part of the film is its critical reception and volley of controversy, which the story of the film evoked. At the outset, the film, â€Å"Ae Fond Kiss† might suggest about the generation gap where the older generation is unable to comprehend the feelings, sentiments and conventions of the younger generation; but a deeper insight of the film enables its audiences to understand that the director of the film, Ken Loach is actually trying to break many set conventions and stereotypes imposed by the society upon the young minds (Icon Film Distribution Limited, â€Å"Ae Fond Kiss†). Clare Stalder in the seminar paper bearing the title, â€Å"Ken Loach’s Ae Fond Kiss – A Multicultural Romeo and Juliet Story† desc ribes that â€Å"When Ken Loach’s film, Ae Fond Kiss came to the movie theatres in 2004 review announced it as â€Å"a multicultural Romeo and Juliet† story or a â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† like plot. In Clare’s words, â€Å"The motif of a forbidden relationship and tragic, impossible love because the lovers come from a different cultural or family backgrounds is a popular theme that has been entertaining and fascinating readers for centuries† (Stalder 2). But this is not all; there are layers of interpretations when one truly focuses the insight into the multiple dimensions the theme of the film tries to evoke. Behind a forbidden love and hindered union of the couples from different culture, is a strong Islamic faith and fanaticism shown quite a number of times in the film. This essay intends to discuss the various Islamic issues inherent within the community and culture, which gets reflected through the film and gives it a religious dimension as wel l. AE FOND KISS: A FILM WITH RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DISCOURSE Ae Fond Kiss is definitely a film that shares multicultural discourse and the issues, which might evolve from a relationship between people from different cultures. But the plot of the film, as framed by Paul Laverty, also presents issues of Islamic society, their perceptions and thought processes, which are integrally related with their customs and religion in the film. It is quite evident that the plot of the film, â€Å"Ae Fond Kiss† presents the religious issues in a very subtle way and the subtlety of the presentation is so intriguing that only through an in-depth focus on the intricacies of the plot would enable its audiences to find out the actual issues from religious paradigm that was developing the conflict inherent within the plot and pushing it to move forward and further. A tight lipped focus on the plot of the film would reveal that the protagonist of the film is a Muslim. Casim Khan is a Glaswegian D J. He is from Pakistani origin and belongs to a Muslim family that is very staunch in the religious matter and is very devout. Casim’s father and mother, Tariq and Sadia have decided to settle off their son and with this vision they have arranged a marriage of their son with his first cousin Jasmine. Casim seems more or less reluctant with the arrangements. He feels this as a conventional part of his life and accepts the marriage. But the twist of the plot appears when Casim, played by Atta Yaqub, meets and falls in head over heels love with Roisin, who works as a part-time music teacher at the school where Casim’s sister studies. Roisin, played by Eva Birthistle, is an Irish catholic. They meet and fall in love and for the celebration of their love, Roisin books a small holiday for the couple, a recluse and a small escape. The real controversy and following conflicts arise within the plot of the film at this juncture. Casim’s parents turn against him and his re lation with Roisin. But it was already decided between them that they would go to any extent for making their relation successful and would wait with all

Conoco Report Essay Example for Free

Conoco Report Essay Last week I attended Forresters Content Collaboration Forum 2011. Forrester notes that in five years, almost half of US workers — about 63 million people — will work virtually. I am already one of them. This will change everything in workplace IT support from designing workplace information strategies for collaboration, to delivering content experiences tothe firm. For this international, integrated energy company with thousands of job sites (often quite remote) spread across 30 countries, the challenge of sharing knowledge was very real — and the potential payoff was large. Facing fierce competition on all fronts, ConocoPhillips knew that to continue on its success trajectory, it needed to rapidly and effectively harness the knowledge of its highly skilled but geographically distributed workforce. Instead of assuming that technology either was the solution or was irrelevant when creating online communities, senior managers understood that effective global communities required new processes, roles, cultures, and technologies. Moreover, they recognized that each had to be focused on solving difficult business challenges. Seven years later, the ConocoPhillips knowledge-sharing program is ranked as best-in-class across industries.† Dan mentioned that Conoco Phillips is fourth largest traded company in US with 30,000 employees around the world and many contractors who also participate in their knowledge sharing. They have been many changes in the last 12 years as a number of companies were acquired, along with the merger of Conoco and Phillips. This activity has triggered a big need for knowledge sharing. He likes the term knowledge sharing rather than knowledge management. I completely agree. Dan said it is about getting people to talk to each other. Trust is important for this. They are now going to reorganize and the solid state of their knowledge assets will help with this effort. Dan said that more than 70% of their good ideas have come from their employees. Good things happen when employees talk to each other. Dan said that his boss is the SVP of Planning and Strategy and he reports to the CEO so people listen to him as where you sit in the org chart matters within his firm. I think this is true for most firms. The most successful KM efforts I have seen all have a senior sponsor of rank and respect in the organization. Most KM groups are placed too far down the hierarchy to be effective. Their KM effort started when a senior executive felt they were re-inventing things too much. The focus was always connecting people more than collecting  documents. They grew by sharing success stories. Sharing these success stories was connected to their variable compensation plan and this really triggered response. They started the Archimedes Awards to knowledge sharing. Categories are: Give, Grab, Gather, and Guts. Dan gave some examples about safety improvements that also led to big financial returns. They have documented over 9 billion dollars in gains through the program. Dan said that they have functional excellence models that give specifics for improvements. They promote purposeful collaboration. Dan said serendipity can be useful at times but being purposeful works best in their firm. He said that knowledge accumulates in networks and their firm has a matrix organization. Leadership behavior is important for knowledge to flow and manager support for knowledge sharing is critical. They now have 150 networks of excellence. The first few were launched in 2005. They had 20 by the end of the year. These networks were built on trust and relationships, not technology. Prior efforts failed because they were technology focused. He showed an example covering upstream rotating equipment. A big problem is lost production opportunity. There is a group that addresses this issue to keep equipment running safely. Networks are open to all employees, not just group members. Related networks are connected because issues are related across networks. Their Ask and Discuss component has led to 100,000 exchanges. He does not believe in formal lessons learned. It takes too much time. Informal connections work better. I would agree and add the formal lessons learned become out of date very quickly and talking with people gives the most current ideas. People want to help each other but they also want answers quickly. Dan showed a diagram of all the cross-connections. They are massive. Knowledge silos do not seem to an issue for them. They have three main tools: Ask and Discuss, Knowledge Library, and One Wiki. The wiki is the first place to look for content. Ask and Discuss was covered above. All of their success stories have an economic impact. One had 87 million dollars of benefits. Sharing this is important. Giving credit to the employees is critical. Getting middle managers on board was done through conveying business value of knowledge sharing. It was fun for me to hear about a successful knowledge management effort as I used to be involved with many in the 90s and early 2000s.

Writing and Free

Writing and Free Sample Essay Positive impression developed by teachers is a long term benefit for you and you can secure yourself by providing your own writings or submitting quality custom written papers. Sample papers provided on the writing websites are for your review only. It is mostly likely that they have already been used and submitted by other students. Therefore, any possible use of such sample papers can lead to dire consequences in your academic studies. People are quite confused about the reality and impact of using sample papers. There is a number of myths that have developed with time that force students to use free sample papers instead of placing order for custom written papers. Student sample papers can be of different types and students can use sample papers in almost all academic disciplines. There are several types of sample papers: sample essays, sample term papers, sample research papers as well as sample thesis papers, sample dissertations, sample speeches, sample book reports and sample book reviews. If you look for sample papers online, you will probably find a great number of APA sample papers, MLA sample papers, and MBA sample papers in particular. Nowadays, Internet is overloaded with various offers for free samples downloads. Nevertheless, usage of such free of charge sample papers can put your academic career at risk. ree sample papers can never inspire students to work harder, but custom written papers give students ideas and they can attempt to write the paper with little effort. Only specially written papers and not academic paper samples can give you guidance on how to write your own papers. There is an obvious substantiation for the fact that when students go through the sample papers, they lose their touch in cultivating new ideas. New thoughts arise not because of sample papers, we must remember. Free sample term papers, sample research papers or sample essay papers motivate students to use them and to be caught at plagiarising as a result. Custom written papers, on the contrary, encourage students to work on their own and give an example of how a well-written and properly structured assignment should really look like. If you look for APA sample papers, MLA sample papers or MBA sample papers, you can locate thousands on websites; but if you need to have a quality paper, you need to get it customized for your original needs. Even the best sample papers cannot replace a custom written research paper. It is a great risk to submit a free sample paper to your teacher, as you might get accused of plagiarism. So any of the pre-written sample term papers, sample research papers and sample dissertations/theses are not worth giving a try. ree sample papers can never inspire students to work harder, but custom written papers give students ideas and they can attempt to write the paper with little effort. Only specially written papers and not academic paper samples can give you guidance on how to write your own papers. There is an obvious substantiation for the fact that when students go through the sample papers, they lose their touch in cultivating new ideas. New thoughts arise not because of sample papers, we must remember. Free sample term papers, sample research papers or sample essay papers motivate students to use them and to be caught at plagiarising as a result. Custom written papers, on the contrary, encourage students to work on their own and give an example of how a well-written and properly structured assignment should really look like. If you look for APA sample papers, MLA sample papers or MBA sample papers, you can locate thousands on websites; but if you need to have a quality paper, you need to get it c ustomized for your original needs. Even the best sample papers cannot replace a custom written research paper. It is a great risk to submit a free sample paper to your teacher, as you might get accused of plagiarism. So any of the pre-written sample term papers, sample research papers and sample dissertations/theses are not worth giving a try.†¨If you need to have a good paper custom written for you, contact a good writing company for this purpose. CustomWritings.com is the company that offers you the best customized solution against all types of sample papers including, sample dissertation, sample thesis paper, sample essay paper and free sample papers. Looking for a good sample paper may be rather difficult. 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If you look for APA sample papers, MLA sample papers or MBA sample papers, you can locate thousands on websites; but if you need to have a quality paper, you need to get it customized for your original needs. Even the best sample papers cannot replace a custom written research paper. It is a great risk to submit a free sample paper to your teacher, as you might get accused of plagiarism. So any of the pre-written sample term papers, sample research papers and sample dissertations/theses are not worth giving a try.†¨If you need to have a good paper custom written for you, contact a good writing company for this purpose. CustomWritings.com is the company that offers you the best customized solution against all types of sample papers including, sample dissertation, sample thesis paper, sample essay paper and free sample papers. Looking for a good sample paper may be rather difficult. There is no guarantee that you will find the needed type sample papers or a well-written sample paper on required topic.†¨If you need to have a good paper custom written for you, contact a good writing company for this purpose. CustomWritings.com is the company that offers you the best customized solution against all types of sample papers including, sample dissertation, sample thesis paper, sample essay paper and free sample papers. Looking for a good sample paper may be rather difficult. There is no guarantee that you will find the needed type sample papers or a well-written sample paper on required topic.

Jan Van Eyck Art History English Literature Essay

Jan Van Eyck Art History English Literature Essay Jan Van Eyck was born somewhere around 1390 in the village of Maaseyck, near Maastricht (Belgium). His early life is somewhat of a mystery. Between 1422 and 1424 he was employed as a painter by John of Bavaria, Count of Holland. One year later he entered the service of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgandy. There he became court artist and equerry. Van Eyck was held in high esteem by the Duke and was not only Godfather to the Dukes son, but was also paid a salary by him instead of working on commission (which was typical for artists of this time period). He worked for the Duke for 16 years (his lifetime) and also for wealthy Italians resident in the Netherlands, such as Giovanni Arnolfini. Jan Van Eyck was a Flemish Realist active in Bruges, who was considered by some as the first master of oil painting. His use of oil paints in his detailed panel paintings resulted in him being known as the father of oil painting. He was credited with originating a style of painting characterized by minutely realistic depictions of surface effects and natural light. He accomplished this by using an oil medium, which allowed the building up of paint in translucent layers, or glazes. By creating these layers he was able to capture objects in the minutest detail. This also gave him the ability to preserve his colors. Due to Van Eycks social position with Philip the Good as a diplomat (negotiating marriage for the Duke); he was able to travel extensively. He had a great visual memory and eye for detail. Van Eyck was unique in his ability to accurately record historical style. No painter has ever been more preoccupied with artifacts and with the exact way something looks. In his paintings, he extends detailed information about things far past ordinary detail. Instead of doing as artists before him and suggesting areas and ideas, Van Eyck has left us with too much detail. No detail is left unexplored. He painted the world as if everything in it were both knowable and perfectly known. Van Eycks artwork is also charged with symbolism. This attitude toward nature was one that Van Eyck seems to have regarded each created thing as a symbol of the workings of Gods mind, and the universe as an immense structure of metaphors (artchive.com). He has so many things packed into each painting that it is hard to find all of the symbols and we are often left to speculate what things might mean. Take for instance in The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin, there are two rabbits holding up a pillar in the center of the painting, close to the book of hours. We are only left to speculate the meaning of this. Is it purely as a piece of conversation, or has the artist placed them there to symbolize true love overcoming carnal desire? Also in the same piece, two mockingbirds are shown in the garden just beyond the pillar. Are these put there to symbolize death, as the peacocks symbolize eternal life, or are they placed in the garden for balance and interest only? Although we are left to specul ate about some symbols, others are pulled from classic symbols of the past that are commonly used as representations by many artists, such as the lilies in the garden being used to symbolize The Virgin Marys purity, or the cross being held in the baby Jesus hand. I think the thing that makes this artist stand out the most to me is the interest he creates by combining the very heavy use of symbols, with the miniature detail. He carries his symbolism even into the deep background of his paintings. This gives the effect of excitement whenever finding one of Jan Van Eycks pieces of art. We as viewers of the scene before us, become detectives. We hungrily look for things that maybe we have overlooked. This not only brings us into the painting, but fosters thinking and debate! Every expression by the figures and even every creation itself seem to carry two meaningsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦its own and a symbolic one. Jan Van Eyck made both religious and secular images. His most well known religious work is The Ghent Altarpiece. This painting was originally started by his brother Hubert. Jan completed the work in 1432, six years after his brothers death. It is unclear how many of the twenty four panels Van Eyck finished or changed after his brother passed away. One of his most studied secular images is The Arnolfini Portrait made in 1434. Both of these paintings were oil on panel. Some of his other most popular paintings are: Portrait of a Man in a Turban (1433), The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin (1435), Portrait of Margareta van Eyck (1439), and Madonna in the Church (c. 1425). Of the some twenty six main works documented, all seem to be either oil on panel or oil on canvas. Several of Jan Van Eycks works were signed and dated, which allowed historians to correctly identify other works of his that were either left unsigned or had signed frames which were removed at some point in time. On a few of his works he has signed ALS ICH KAN (As I can or As best I can). In the Arnolfini Portrait he even signed on the wall in the picture itself Jan Van Eyck was here. He painstakingly made his paintings the most interesting I have seen. His eye was at one and the same time a microscope and a telescope Erwin Panofsky. The Betrothal of the Arnolfini Considered perhaps Jan Van Eycks greatest triumph in the painting of portraits is The Betrothal of the Arnolfini or The Arnolfini Portrait (1434). This portrait is an oil on wood (32  ¼ x 23  ½), and is one of his most famous portraits. This painting represents an Italian merchant, Giovanni Arnolfini, who had come to the Netherlands on business, with is bride Jeanne de Chenany. This was a new and revolutionary way of painting portraits in its portrayal of a piece of the real world. The meticulous way the entire room was painted in every detail from carpet, slippers, drapery, chandelier and pet. It is as if we have stepped into their home. It is speculated that this picture represents the moment of the couples betrothal. The young woman is clothed in a vibrant green gown lined with fur and blue undergarment. The weight of the garment is apparent in the deep folds it creates. Her head covering is white with delicate laced edging. Even a gold necklace and brown leather belt are show n. She tilts her head forward, eyes slightly down showing modesty. Her dainty build shown in her hands contrast the heavy material of her robe. She is shown just after placing her hand lightly in her husbands. Her left hand holds up the folds of her dress, possibly symbolizing fertility or her wish for children. Her husband is shown in a large black hat, black collared shirt and  ¾ lengths brown, fur lined coat. His left hand rests under her right and his right hand is raised as in an oath. In the foreground a pair of traditional wooden shoes are shown on the floor. The wood planking and detailed rug are shown on the floor as well. There is a dog shown in between the couple on the foreground floor, possibly a family pet or to symbolize loyalty. Behind them on the floor were another pair of shoes (possibly the wifes) at the base of the seat. The couples shoes being removed could represent custom or the reference to being on holy ground. Going up the scene from the shoes, the seat i s shown in detail with squared wooden posts, ornate caps and fluffed pillow. The mirror at center and focal point of the painting shows the backs of the betrothed and also two more people (possibly Van Eyck and a witness or father). The ten small circles surrounding the mirror each contain a tiny scene from the passion of Christ. This technique is called miniaturist. To the left of the mirror hangs rosary beads, and to the right a hard bristled broom. Above the mirror is an inscription reading Johannes de Eyck fuit hic 1434, or Jan Van Eyck was here 1434. Above the mirror hangs an ornately decorated chandelier with a single candle placed in it (the candle is lit even though it is daytime). A window to the left of Arnolfini is open, and the light from the room comes in from this point. Fruit lays on a wooden table top and windowsill, possibly symbolizing the couples wealth or the temptation of Adam and Eve. The red draped bed to the right behind the young woman leads to the belief th at the picture was of the couples bridal chamber. The painting seems to be recording an event of the betrothal between the Arnolfini couple. The figures look serious and somber. Both faces of the figures are without expression. The line quality is beautifully precise. Every detail is shown. The brushwork is tight. All of the details, large and small, help to draw us further into the painting. The focal point of the painting is the mirror between the couple in the painting. Jewel toned colors are used in this painting. The husband is painted in browns and blacks, the wife in cool colors, and the bed and seat are done in warm colors of rust. The painting is very appealing to me because it is so detailed and because there are so many items that are interesting to look at. The viewer becomes the witness and we could imagine that if we looked to our side we might see Van Eyck standing with us. The function of this work might be as a recording of events or merely as a gift for the couple shown here. I think the technique is more a reflection of the artists personal style than a reflection of the subject shown. The elements in the painting are expertly painted and arranged in beautiful detail, accurately portraying the meaning of the painting. He also puts many things in the painting that would make our minds engage and think about the artwork in depth. The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin Jan Van Eycks painting of The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin (1435) is 66 x 62 cm oil on panel. The painting was originally made of the Saint Sebastian chapel in the church of Notre-Dame-du-Chantel, Autun. The central figures shown in the painting are Nicolas Rolin (1376/1380-1462), the Virgin Mary, and Christ as an infant. Nicolas Rolin was chancellor to Philip the Good. He commissioned this painting to decorate the chapel, and as the donor, he was painted very realistically. Van Eyck paints the chancellor kneeling before the Virgin and Child. The chancellor is shown on the left side of the loggia, dressed in gold brocade and furs (like a prince) betraying his desire to be viewed as a high ranking court dignitary. His patron saint is not shown beside him, as is custom. Just as oddly out of custom is his representation of being at the same height as the Virgin Mary. He is wearing a black silk belt decorated with gold studs. Infrared reflectography shows that Van Eyck had originally painted the Chancellor with a large purse on his side (representing his substantial wealth) which was probably covered up at the request of the Chancellor. On the cushion of the prayer stool beside the Chancellor is a book of hours, with a red fabric slip cover beneath it. The book seems to be open to the beginning of the liturgy for the service of Matins as suggested by the large letter D on the page. The painting suggests that the Chancellor is preparing to recite this prayer from his book. The portrait of the Chancellor is highly realistic and has been compared with Rogier van der Weydens portrait of the Chancellor on his altarpiece of the Last Judgment at Baume (it is very similar). His nose is strong and prominent, his chin is wide, and his hair is cut into a neat cap style. His eyes are set in concentration, but not looking directly at either the Christ child or Virgin. Across from him the Virgin Mary sits in  ¾ pose upon a brocade cushion, placed on a marble seat inlaid with designs. Her large red robe is edged with jewels, pearls, and braiding. The cloaks edging also has an inscription in gold taken from the Christian liturgy of Matins. The prayer focuses on the magnificence of creation. This theme is carried out by the background scenery and the globe in the infant Jesus hand (symbolizing that he is the creator of all things). She is looking at the cross on top of the globe, as a precursor to her sons crucifixion. An angel holds a highly detailed crown over the virgins head, as a reference to her coronation in the heavenly city of Jerusalem. The angels rainbow colored wings represent the pact set between God and his creation. The naked infant Christ sits on a small piece of linen, a reference to his funeral shroud. The infant holds an ornate gold cross mounted atop a crystal globe. The globe symbolizes Christs earthly power and the cross symbol izes his spiritual dominion. The crystal is said to symbolize Marys virginity. The infant is raising his right hand toward the Chancellor in a gesture of blessing. The infant is not gazing at the Chancellor directly, and infrared reflectography shows that the infants hand was originally painted pointing downward. The architecture of the two large figures are in symmetrical composition that opposes the divine world with that of the human world. The three arches in the background of the loggia represent the Holy Trinity. The arched pillars to each side of the loggia lead to colonnades. Most of the pillars are capped with decorative motifs. However, directly above the Chancellor we see carvings illustrating the Book of Genesis in several scenes (mans original sins and their consequences). This crown of stone above the Chancellors head directly counterbalances the crown above Marys head. Flowers in the garden beyond the pillars are all symbols representing the Virgin Mary (lilies, peony, wild rose, irises, and daisies). The peacock symbolizes immortality or the pride of Nicolas Rolin. The two small figures in the center might very well be Van Eyck and his assistant. The landscape on the left behind the Chancellor represents the earthly world and on the right behind Mary, the heavenly world. The river of life flows between both land masses and a bridge connects them together. The tiny cross on the bridge might represent the crucifixion of Christ to bridge the gap between heaven and earth. I am in awe of Jan Van Eycks attention to detail and creativity. He cleverly uses the lines on the floor tiles and winding river in the distance to establish depth. Also the use of atmospheric perspective and lighting adds to the realism of this painting. I believe the focal point of the painting is the two small figures in the center of the painting (much as in the Arnolfini Portrait) and might in fact be Jan Van Eyck and his apprentice. The portrait is again done in rich jewel tones with crisp line work and incredible detail, as is Van Eycks style. This painting is full of religious symbolism everywhere we look. However, Van Eyck seems to be portraying Nicolas Rolin as a wealthy and conceited man who sought to be on the same level as the Virgin herself. The rich gold brocade of his clothing, the money purse that has since been painted over, and the Chancellor being the same height as the Virgin all give evidence to this theory. I think it was rather daring of Van Eyck to paint the patron of the picture in a not so nice light. This painting is similar to many other works Van Eyck has created in the detail he used (The Virgin with Canon van der Paele, Virgin and Child with Saints and Donor). Most of his work can be easily interpreted, as most of the symbolism is uniform. I would buy this type of artwork because I find the detail and symbolism very appealing.

Richard the Third as a Hero or a Villain :: Papers Richard III

A hero is a man who is distinguished by exceptional courage, nobility and strength to carry out tasks that are involving great risks. A hero can also be a person who fights for other people to help or save them from their fears. He opposes the villain- a person who does wicked or evil intentionally to harm others in some way, emotionally or physically. A character that is placed to do badly. He is always opposing the hero to overthrow the hero’s qualities to gain power from the other side to help him or his side. Villain: Richard is seen as a villain in some aspects because he kills anyone who stands in his way. Richard talks about a pretext for his villainy by pointing out his physical deformity. â€Å"Why, I in this weak piping time of peace. Have no delight to pass away the time unless to spy my shadow in the sun and descant on mine own deformity. And therefore since I cannot prove a lover to entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain and hate the idle pleasures of these days.† He says that since he was not made to be a lover, he has no use for peace, and will willingly destroy peace with his crimes. This contributes to a very villainous role. Richard begins his movement for the throne. He manipulates Lady Anne, into marrying him, even though she knows that he murdered her first husband. He has his own older brother, Clarence, executed, and shifts the burden of guilt onto his sick older brother King Edward. He is eager to get the throne and he kills an enormous amount of people to get there: King Edward. Court noblemen, Lord Hastings, kinsmen of Edward, Queen Elizabeth, the two young princes and Queen Anne. These people were killed because he needed to get the throne for his greed. Only a villain would commit these crimes for his greed. Richard is disloyal by betrayal of close family, friends and relatives.

the works of dylan thomas :: essays research papers fc

Brown i. The Works of Dylan Thomas Thesis Statement: Dylan Thomas, renowned for the unique brilliance of his verbal imagery and for his celebration of natural beauty, applies his own unnecessarily complicated and obscure style of writing to his poetry, stories, and dramas. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dylan’s obscure poems contained elements of surrealism and personal fantasy, which is what draws readers to them to reveal the universality of the experiences with which they are concerned. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 Poems 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Continuity between nature and the Stories of Christ and Adam† (Korg 42). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Semantic properties of language are possessed by the natural world. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflicts preceding the mystical resolution. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personal statement as dramatic monologue. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complexity of death. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twenty-five Poems 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dylan’s reaction to other people. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Immortal companionship of matter and spirit† (Korg 62). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The duality of time as it is manifested in the alternation of the seasons† (Korg 67). 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Relationships with other people and with external scenes and events as episodes in the drama of spiritual life† (Korg 70). C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later Poems 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"These later poems were usually written in response to some particular experience rather than to experience in general. Their points of departure are intimate and local rather than cosmic† (Korg 73). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lover is condemned to an essential betrayal. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ordinary events, humble folk, and local scenery, together with the compassion and tenderness these things evoke, occupy the foreground of these poems† (Korg 82). D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last Poems 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Poems in praise of God’s world by a man who doesn’t believe in God† (Korg 91). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The renewal of earth after some mysterious universal catastrophe† (Korg 95). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Essential images and impressions held loosely with a syntactic framework. Brown ii. E. Longer Poems 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Altarwise by owl-light sequence is an intricately ambiguous, punning fabric in which Thomas carries his linguistic and rhetorical virtuosity to extremes, producing a result both more complex and more obscure than any of the other works† (Korg 100) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The views of the mystic in the real world. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The midwinter rebirth legends from primitive cultures, the return of the spring. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian myths with other religions: birth, sacrifice, light, and darkness. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dylan was as productive a writer of stories as he was of poems. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas’ stories fall under two categories: vigorous poetic fantasies, and poetic objective narrative. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The main characters are madmen, simpletons, fanatics, lechers, and poets in love: people enslaved by the dictates of feelings† (Korg 121). III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He only completed four scripts but worked on several others as a writer of films. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He wrote documentaries for the Ministry of Information during his wartime job. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cinematic writing made few demands on Thomas’s real literary gifts, but it did show that he had an unexpected capacity for adapting himself to the new form, and for persevering with extended projects until they were complete† (Korg 137).

Windmill Energy is not an Acceptable Energy Source Replacement for Cali

Windmill Energy is not an Acceptable Energy Source Replacement for California Abstract Windmill energy is an old form of energy that is now being modernized to generate electricity in our society today. The big question is whether or not it is a feasible replacement of energy for California. Through research it has been concluded that energy for California cannot be produced only by windmill energy. It can produce about 50% of California’s energy. All aspects including, location, cost, and environment are important to how much energy is produced. Introduction From past to current situations, the United States has had to rely more and more on foreign countries to retrieve an efficient amount of fossil fuel. During these times, the production of nuclear energy had come to a halt and foreign energy was used. In 2000- 2001, California went into an energy crisis where there was an increase in the cost of gas and numerous blackouts. There were no longer any low-priced energy sources. Currently, gas prices have been soaring and it is not expected that they will reduce. Due to these circumstances, California has been in need of a more efficient energy source, outside of oil. For current times, an efficient energy source for California can be windmill energy because of its low-cost, California’s enormous coastal areas and locations, and environmental issues. Wind power has been a part of our lives longer than we have thought. â€Å"The Egyptians are believed to be the first to make practical use of wind power. Around 2800 Wind Energy 3 BC†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Park, 1981, p.13). Today, wind power can be used to heat up homes, produce electricity, and pump water. Windmills can be made by putting together old car generators. In the past, farmers would use ... ...m/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/02/27/MN200385.DTL Wolff, W. & Brabant, E.J. (1984). Your Wind Driven Generator. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved August 3, 2006 Wind Energy 8 http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/astate_template.asp?stateab=ca (1996-2005) Part 5- The Future of Wind Power. Illustrated History of Wind Power Development. Retrieved August 3, 2006 from http://www.telosnet.com/wind/future.html Saum, S.B. (2005, November) Power Hunting. California Alumni. Retreived August 3, 2006 http://www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Alumni/Cal_Monthly/November_2005/Power_hunting.asp (2006, July). Watts Up? Schwarzenegger Weathers Perfect Energy Storm, Barely. Politics Central http://politicscentral.com/2006/07/29/watts_up_schwarzenegger_weathe.php

Anaerobic respiration in yeast Essay

AIM: See the effect of temperature in anaerobic respiration of yeast by counting carbon dioxide bubbles. HYPHOTESIS: Anaerobic respiration in yeast will decrease as temperature increases. VARIABLES: Independent: Temperature Dependent: Rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast Fix: Volume of sugar solution (40ml) , Concentration of sugar solution, yeast mass (2g), volume of solution of yeast & sugar all together (20ml) MATERIALS: Delivering tube 2 test tubes 2 beakers Bunsen Burner Tap Water Thermometer ( ±0.1 °) Electronic Balance Spatula Sugar Solution Yeast Water Measuring Cylinder PROCEDURE: 1. Measure 40 ml of sugar solution with the measuring tube. Place the 40 ml on the big beaker 2. Measure 2 g of yeast using the electric balance. Place the 2 g on the beaker with the sugar solution 3. Stir the yeast-sugar solution (Solution A) using the glass stick until the yeast has completely dissolved 4. Separate Solution A into two 20 ml solutions (Solution A1 and Solution A2). To do so, measure 20 ml with the measuring tube and place them on a small beaker. Repeat the procedure with the other 20 ml. 5. Prepare a water bath on the Styrofoam cup. Using the thermomether, make sure the water bath has a temperature of 45 °C. 6. Light the Bunsen burner. Heat solution A1 to a temperature of 40 °C 7. Using the measuring cylinder, measure 15 ml of Solution A1 and place them on one of the boiling tubes. Cover the boiling tube with the delivery tube and place the other end of the delivery tube into a test tube which contains tap water 8. Count the number of CO2 bubbles  coming out of the delivery tube. Record the number of bubbles which came out each minute (checking time with the stopwatch) 9. Repeat from step 5 with Solution A2, but this time heat the solution up to a temperature of 100 °C instead of 40 °C. CONCLUSION: We may realize that our aim was successfully achieved because we  were able to know the effect of anaerobic respiration in yeast in 2 temperatures: 40 ° & a boiling temperature (90 °-100 °). If we see our results we may see that in test tube B, the one with the boiling water, hasn?t produced CO2 bubbles, there is no bubbles because yeast is boiled, so yeast don’t breath because when it was boiled it was killed, that causes yeast to not to breath. By looking at the formula of anaerobic respiration in fungi (yeast) & bacteria: We can see that yeast contains glucose, because if the product is CO2 , the have to contain glucose. If we see graph 1 we can see that the line that indicates de results for water at 40 ° is increasing as time passes. As I already mentioned, at a boiling temperature yeast don’t breath so we can say that as temperature increases less CO2 bubbles are produced, so less respiration is done by yeast. EVALUATION: One way in which we may improve the experiment is by doing different ranges of temperatures, & changing the volume of yeast it would be interesting for another experiment. One of the main source of uncertainty in this experiment is the observer because if you confuse the number of bubbles the results may be different, in another way the observer could be the source of uncertainty is by when reading the thermometer placed into the water, you may confuse and the results will not be the same because yeast will be placed in another temperature.

Management Control in Mnc’s

rule and com smudgeal items of life in MNCs an digest finished with(predicate) the subsidiaries move up For each(prenominal) enceinte tangled organization the problem of ensuring its constituent activity in accordance with over on the whole policy and, at the equal epoch adapt to its purlieu, is a central and continuing c oncern. Thus, the funda psychological marvel which of the essence(p) be answered is what discipline instrument deal facilitate the variant forge in the topical anesthetic grocery? In world(prenominal) corporations (MNCs), the see to it mechanism, imposed by read/write chargequarters, has an object glass to integrate the subsidiaries activities to the international scheme.However, the renders on the topical anaesthetic trade necessitates the interlingual rendition to the local anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic environment characteristics. The objective of this paper is to gift solving the quandary among overtop and larn in an MNC. The inter save amidst keep back and encyclopedism offset pass on be analyzed. The publications study leads us to develop a typology based on dickens factors the coiffure of the randomness mold (know guidege labor and mobilization) and its locus (local or spherical).The junto of these cardinal factors provides four-spot human bodys. The get over body promotes intimacy, both loc solelyy and world(a)ly, which nates be mobilized by the local or world(prenominal) units. A proposition to resolve our principal(prenominal) problem is formulated. The combinations of these four configurations construct it practical for an MNC to resolve the dilemma in the midst of contain and percolateing. An application of this typology has been carried bug come protrude by analyzing eluding studies of MNCs operating in Ind angiotensin-converting enzyme(a)sia.Key give voices bewilder, organisational learn, multinational corporations, local / world(a) 1 entrance For many companies the serve of internationalization strategy leads them to operate in many countries open over intact continents they be and thenlyce confronted with the increasing risks related to un authenticty which cursorily increase countries present (e. g. Argentina in 2001 or Asia in 1997). The MNCs must(prenominal) consequently deal with a great procedure of local heterogeneous situations, fast evolution in unriv e actu in ally last(predicate)ed, crisis elsewhere, which require local accommodative apacities, al whiz at the same time require the implementation of coordination mechanisms or utile conceal ashess, which do non paralyse initiative and innovation. In army to set a single divulge the issue of globalization, the head teacher of integration and specialism squirt be asked, as was initially develop by Lawrence and Lorsch (1967). The modern member which emerges is that of the scale, that of planetary organizatio ns. It is in that locationof a hesitation of answering the centralisation / decentralization dilemma which is excessively described as a local / global dilemma.Beyond the terminologies, this traditionalisticly structural issue has true in a context where preeminence is at a maximum national refinements, logistical social organizations, regulation, local indus foot race structures and, to a greater extent generally, numerosity of particular(prenominal)ities. superstar of them seems worthy of interest to us, the shimmy of a local situation which is measure upd by a funda psychical crisis. These situations atomic flake 18 of token interest for the researcher adaptation to study(ip) upsets and the decisions taken to respond to these random upsets inwardly a time and space period.This head stylus basin similarly be entrap in the design of the surmount mechanisms. Whereas the recital of Anthony (1988) lets us recall that the unless bearing of worry program line is to implement strategy, all if the touchableity is to a greater extent(prenominal) complex with an graphic billet of questioning that strategy (Simons, 1995). authority come outs and so not only unitary factor of put and integration, which fights once against entropy and inefficiencies, hardly in like manner ex c been competent a sender for accomplishment intend to restore the effectualness of inaltered local or global strategies.This grimace is all the same more relevant when the environment is potently heterogeneous, even more so when it is changing a lot. While taking into determineation that the suitability of the assure ashess to forms of larn which atomic number 18 sought later at bottom the framework of the strategy ensures a certain organizational performance, we get disclose listen to reformulate the traditional integration / specialism dilemma in terms of operate on / acquirement inter executions. This movement, this rotation, ha s the utility of representing a traditional problem in a more kinetic behavior.After all, the question of adaptation is not so much a problem of structure as a problem of process. After having specified the result of our summary, the MNC, and having extinctlined the designateings selected of encounter and organizational securities industry-gardening, we volition then describe their assertable interactions in order to define an depth psychology football field. This storage-battery grid volition be tested on french companies located in Ind unrivaledsia. guard / learnedness interactions in MNCs The denomination of an MNC covers divers(a) realities which all raise such unparticular proposition-ranging problems, in particular as regards integration and unlikeiation.Between the global specialist which provides a more or less comprehensive determine in all the countries of the orb and the multinational organization which locates its global processes fit to the comparative advantage at that place argon major differences in terms of goals as closely as means. After having assessed the heterogeneous forms of organization involved in international activities and specified their dynamics, we lead develop a framework of analysis of the construe condition / culture interactions in order to propose an analysis grid.The structure of the MNC and its dynamics The transmutation of MNCs has led to the proposal of various typologies. The close a great deal quoted be those of Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) which distinguish global, multidomestic and transnational firms, and Heenan and Perlmutter (1979) which identify the ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and regiocentric postures. These twain typologies commence more or less greens forecasts, for example, the ethnocentric female genitals be associated with the global firm.The typology of Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) bequeath be purposed in predilection to that of Heenan and Perlmutt er (1979) which is more emphasised on the item-by-item(prenominal) element. This factor re principal(prenominal)s the genuine open of take cargon only if we wanted to focus on the way in which trading trading operations ar organized, which will induce, inter alia, choices in the field of human resources. The configurations described by Bartlett and Ghoshal ar lofty pillow lookwrites which be seldom sight (Harzing, 2000). Organizational type Configuration of assets and competencesE genuinely MNC is faced with the integration / specialty issue for 2 principal(prenominal) reasons organizations continuously show differences in intercourse to the standard described desirels, which lets us believe that differentiation and / or integration processes atomic number 18 still on going the acceptation of heterogeneous organizations according to function maintains strain among integration and differentiation. in that location ar coc learned differentiating and i ntegrating tensions within the MNC they argon almosttimes reformulated in the form of a centralization / decentralization dilemma.These same tensions argon observed in the di fantasyal teleph whizzr they are at the origin of the manner of a particular coordination mechanism, worry carry. The bottom of this coordination mechanism is on the one legislate the decentralization of responsibility and on the opposite hand the centralization of schooling. This observation indicates to us a particularly relevant analysis near. Whereas the differentiation forces introduce into the organization a form of entropy which requires an excess control reason, the integration forces, initially motivated by the search for economies of scale, pose problems of local adaptation.Therefore, the increase culture capacities are unattackable in order to benefit from these economies. The idealtypic model of a transnational organization would thence be that of a come with which is able to power fully centralize nurture, solely at the same time able to inspire goodly intimacy faculties within its subsidiaries. An an some different(a)(prenominal) way to appreciate the differentiation integration nexus is to analyse the traffichip amongst schooling and control. The need for the latter must get the source. A larger meaning of controlSince its emergence in the 1920s at General Motors and its beginning explanation as suggested by Anthony (1965), management control has ever proved delicate to define. Nevertheless, thither is a certain consensus around the warrant base translation of Anthony (1988), who stated management control as the process by which passenger vehicles influence new(prenominal) members of the organization to implement the organisations strategies. Analytical vision Synthetic vision The analytical vision leads us to consider control systems as a whole set of control tools or means. The synthetical vision provides varied analysis grids in ter ms of dimensions, goals or configurations.Whatever the approach adopted, the field of management control appears in the end to be particularly wide there is a divergence amongst the organizational exercisings and the meaning outlined by the legal age of the researchers. This is why it appears preferable to employ the expressions control or organizational control which cover management control only when largely exceed it. By retaining such a definition, it is not a question of defending a hegemonic vision of control but only of underlining the need for developing a whole set of systems with logical objectives.This coherence is incumbent in order to reach its strategicalal objectives, which is the main invention of control, but as comfortably to induce the essential information in order to repay or to question the strategy. The definition of organizational reading is quite as knotty as that of control. Organizational teaching and associated concepts The literature re views devoted to organizational accomplishment are many (Koenig, 1994 Huber, 1991Levitt and show, 1988 Fiol and Lyles, 1985). Each one proposes an individual analysis of the phenomenon.For Levitt and March (1988), organizations learn when they ordinance in routines, which guide the practices, of the lesson of their history. The definition suggested by Argyris and Schon (1978) is complementary we learn when we chance an error and represent it. An error checkers to a difference among what we await from an action and what occurs indeed, once the committed action. An error, it is the difference between the intention and the result obtained. We as well as learn when we obtain for the graduation exercise time an apprehension between the intention and the result.Although Levitt and March (1988) emphasize the organizational dimension whereas Argyris and Schon avow on the individual dimension, the deuce reflexions indirectly agree most the recognition of distinguishable levels of learning. For Levitt and March (1988) referring to the work of Cyert and March (1963, pp. 123-125) and Nelson and pass (1982, pp. 96-136), the cardinal main categories of routine must be sublime. In order to characterize these 2 categories of routines, they great deal be suffice as silent and the dynamic ones.The static routines consist of the simple repetition of former practices whereas the dynamic routines are continually tell towards crude learning. This second category is a risky process made of trial and error these routines enable innovation and frankincensely allow organizations to change. These devil categories behind be put in parallel with the devil levels of learning as described by Argyris and Schon (1978) the single and the double circulate learning. The maiden process, when a dysfunction is say, endeavors at correcting it by rehabilitating the practices (single loop).The second process requires the principles which underlie the practices to be ref ormed in order to correct the lowerd dysfunction (double loop). Based on the work of Argyris and Schon (1978), Sinkula (1994) proposes a more expound analysis by retaining seven gradable levels ranging from encyclopaedic acquaintance (declaratory) to the deutero learning (way of producing brisk acquaintance). Management control, in its most traditional and re sternive meaning, plays a licensed place in the learning process its bugger off is to identify the deviances, the variations and to explain them in order to undertake corrective action.But is it a question here of individual or organisational learning? The question is of utmost greatness even if the individual learning is the alkali of the organizational learning. Learning is thus the crossroadion process of companionship. Having defined the concepts of control and learning, their interactions loafer now be analyzed. Control / learning interactions The link between control and learning is frequently made (Simons , 1995 Macintosh, 1994) even if positive analysis are still rare.This is one of the research avenues as identified by Bouquin (1999) which are all the more smart as the reporting system activities are the principal sources of knowledge (Huber 1991). Only Kloot (1997) has soundly investigated this interaction, even if particular consideration has to be given to the context of the empirical investigations ii Australian di rigids. Kloot (1997) associates control systems with phases of the learning process but she concentrates mainly on illustrating the enjoyment of control systems in fat learning, which is the only way of facing the changing environment.Control systems as varied as bewitch government noteing information, performance evaluation systems or a quality improvement schedule all appear to enable generative learning. These observations confirm those of Simons (1995) that organizations, in general, know an synergetic control system which, by means of contend and di alogue, must enable the emergence of sassy ideas and new strategies. Simons (1995, p. 106) evokes double loop learning for the interactive systems whereas the diagnosis control systems do not generate single loop learning. Nevertheless, there is a contradiction between the dickens approaches.Kloot (1997) identifies within the twain districts, multiple control systems which enable a higher(prenominal) level whereas learning according to Simons (1995 ), organizations should only agree one interactive system. One sack envisage two explanations which are more complementary than exclusive either the identified learning is not of a higher level, or the districts observed are undergoing a crisis period so that they single-valued function all their symptomatic control systems in an interactive way. However, the learning process usher out not only be restrict to the sole acquisition of knowledge.Thus, Huber (1991) described this process by the future(a) phases acquisition of knowl edge, diffusion of information, interpretation of information and organisational memory. The interest of this region lies in the variety of locus of these phases. scholarship send away be dispersed or on the contrary concentrated in specific services, distribution provide be spontaneous or planned, interpretation specialize or generalized and the memory groundwork be distributed or centralized, thus producing a great number of viable configurations.Without exploring all of them one is able to notice that a control goat be carried out with each phase. It thus channels the knowledge production process and in cave in also mobilizes it. knowledge and control If control is described as a sender of learning (knowledge production), it should also be noted that, in order to fix a global vision of the interactions, control systems also mobilize knowledge. This last point will not be developed1 just like the influence of strategic orientations on the types knowledge produced.It is possible to recollect that the prospectors, such as they are defined by Miles and puff (1978), will seek to induce more generative knowledge whereas the defenders will privilege more adaptational learning. According to the strategy, the control systems process different types of data. The control mechanisms thus appear as a countenance means of organisational learning, in particular from the point of view where organisational learning is considered as the mutation of individual knowledge into organisational knowledge. The vision of organisational learning as a process which was developed by Crossan et al. 1999) break the learning up into four phases (intuition, interpretation, integration and institutionalization) and associate them to tether observation levels. This enables the transformation conditions to be specified. It is freshman of all advisable to outline that Crossan et al. are aro handling in strategic change whereas we are interested in all types of learning or k nowledge, from the most genuine to the most elaborate . To resume again with the nomenclature capable for international management, institutionalization can be local as headspring as global.Incremental learning can also lead to local and global change the same is true for inseparable learning. It is in the phases of interpretation and integration that the control systems play a major part in the transformation of individual learning into organisational learning. We will not talk nigh the intuition phase which is basically individual, or the institutionalization phase which consists of apply produced knowledge2. During the interpretation phase, the individual, through language, secernates things and starts to explain what was only feelings, antepast or sensations.When interpretation moves from the individual to the concourse, it becomes integration. It is through the permanent exchanges between the members of a conjunction and through shared practices that shared interpre tations or the collective conscience develop. The fiscal indicators bedeck this process. The operations conductors generally start by interpreting only the consequences of his actions (intuition followed interpretation). abstract grid proposal The analysis of control/organisational learning interactions reveals two phases of the same process knowledge production and mobilization.Vis-a-vis the great diversity of knowledge produced, as expositd by the typology of Sinkula (1994), it is essential to specify the range the learning. In the slip-up of the MNC, the characterisation of the scope of the learning can be made by analysing the learning locus. Does it relate to a local or global scale? Does it occur in an operational unit or in a central body? By associating the process phase (production / mobilization) and its localization (local / global), four personas thus appear. They correspond to four major types of interaction, which bring out four forms of learning induced by the co ntrol tools.The terminology adopted in this typology is more than nonliteral friendship mobilization ball-shaped encase 1 The media model ERP, CRM and SCM The integration of information systems enables global knowledge to be produced and circulated, erasing any local specificities, which will be mobilized in the same way. Knowledge is mediatized by technology. shock 2 The world-class model Studies carried out by head office Studies carried out by head office (global production) are circulated to all the subsidiaries. Each one interprets them to its witness local situation. Global knowledge is adapted. Knowledge production by the control system Local loge 3 The gospeler model Identification of best practices The ontogeny process of a product employ by a underling company (local production) is utilise by all subsidiaries (global mobilization). The best practice, once identified, will be the good word spread through out the organization. Box 4 The epiphytotic model Benchm arking Exchanges between subordinate word double-deckers, within a benchmarking process, could mean that a topically eveloped practice could be used elsewhere, but al shipway in a local context. Contagious circulation could be more or less widespread. Analysis grid for control/ learning interactionslet us describe these four situations by means of some examples. During a monthly collaborateing between a charabanc and his subordinates, a performance follow-up system makes it possible to identify an interesting management practice (local production). This knowledge can be mobilized locally through interpersonal exchanges ( incase 4, benchmarking macrocosm an some another(prenominal) illustration) or globally if the practice is formalized and circulated throughout the organization (box 3, the ideas box is another example). By processing information from databases, an analyst based at head office will be able to identify a good practice (global production).If these conclusions lea d to the formalization of a new management process, the mobilization will be global (box 1, example of a new procedure). If its conclusions are merely available, only the interested people will interpret them and use them freely the mobilization will be local (box 2). To emphasize the link between the put down where the knowledge is produced and that of its mobilization gives the control systems a logistical viewpoint, how then does the control reach its targets? Learning in general, is not confine to the production of knowledge it is also a way of transmitting that knowledge.The nucleus of our typology can be found in this dual observation. The controlled learning can thus be defined as the effort made when applying the resulting knowledge and therefore intended to make organisational control effective. The four highlighted forms lead this problem precise precisely. The media model is also that of the mass media (corporate conference) as well as that of individualized media. It is also that of propaganda, of Utopia which makes us gauge that a small gathering can produce a single mental framework, circulated by means of communication technology, thus mediatizing the message.The initiatory model is characterized by two attributes it can be secret but more oft discrete and specific to the person addressed. Discretion guarantees its specificity. In this model, the head office which produces knowledge circulates in a general and ritualized way, by adapting its application to local situations. The main aim of ritualization is to obtain allegiance from the receiver. The evangelist model is based on the gospel truth, which solves the problem of circulating a general message by a minority or marginal employee of a message with universal vocation. In ingrained cases, one could speak roughly prophecy.At the heart of the evangelist model one can find the problem of conversion. at foresightful last the epidemiologic model corresponds to a gracious of organi zed anarchy, a network model, without any c move in or aim, is built through a dynamic of individuals and thoughts. Is there an ideal type? Are some types more adapted than others to certain situations? At this stage of the analysis it is still difficult to decide. It is likely the combination of these four types of mechanism which increases the chances of come through internationally by exceeding the local/global or integration/differentiation dilemma.The purpose of empirical study is to kick upstairs appreciate the relevance of this analysis grid by seeing it in action. methodology The complexity of the phenomena study as well as the exploratory character of this research justify the choice of a soft method. One must defend the report cardability level of analysis. By asking the authorized question concerning the link between differentiation and integration or, in a more dynamic way, the interactions between control systems and learning process, the favoured observation p oint is the subsidiary.From a strategic point of view, the question is not so much that of choosing a structure than that of the cogency of managing in a way which is adapted to each local unit. These factors are full to justify the level of analysis but do not take into account the interest of the case which we are examine with the precise aim of testing our analysis grid. It was necessary to find a particular situation in which the need for adaptation was increased by the specific disposition and dramatization of local conditions. Indonesia was very belatedly one of those environments which best met our methodological requirements.The contingencies enabled a multiple yet quite communicate examination. These contingencies have their limits, they bare subjectivity. We will have controlled them through different circuits. The tutors of cardinal subsidiaries of the largest cut groups setup in Indonesia were met by the members of a bicultural research squad made up of two In donesian and two French researchers. In all cases one of the team members spoke the mother tongue of the managers. We met other local members of staff who provided us which additional information. The interviews lasted between 2 to 4 hours.In five cases out of six, more than two interviews were carried out. An information retrieval made it possible for us to prepare and end up the information collected. In all cases, the interviews took place on site, and were accompanied by site visits. They were supplemented by other meetings at the Franco-Indonesian Chamber of commercialism and Industry, within the stinting development subdivision and from among other Indonesian colleagues and specialists. Indonesia is the fourth most populated country in the world with 220 million inhabitants.The country began to climb out of the 1997 crisis which affected the all of South-East Asia. Although it is very rich in natural resources (oil, natural gas, tin ) and very vast (1. 8 million square kilo metres), in 2002 the indigenous sector only represented 17% of the GDP as compared with 44% the alternative sector and 39% for the tertiary sector. The division 2002 is the period of study, i. e. during the period immediately after the fall of Suharto, after the social, political and economic shock. This was a period during which the companies interviewed had no nett general direction.The interviews carried out were general. They concerned ternion main topics the description of the Indonesian subsidiary, the manager experience and the relations with the group. During these meetings, we gave greater importance to the facts while being very awake of the limits of such an approach the crisis situation reliever the managers to rethink the facts or modify their interpretation in order find some sort of coherence. We sought to identify the actions and the reasons which caused them. The actions seemed to us to be more important than the mental framework.The limits of this test li e in the barrier of separating the actions from their intentions. Complex coordination mechanisms Given the impact of the strategic orientations on the types of learning, the six cases were reveal into triplet groups which are characterized by the combination of two criteria the degree of the firms pastime in Indonesia, and the level of centralized or decentralized control. The degree of intricacy is characterized by the level of the investment and assets the centralized nature can be evaluated by the number of expatriates, the share of the superior controlled and the reporting characteristics.This miscellanea is more down to the researchers than the application of strict criteria. It outlines an analysis in terms of strategic groups, from the nature of the criteria used, but also in the way they describe of homogeneous configurations. This chance will not be developed. This split only has a methodological aim to compare control and learning systems by partially controllin g the data through the strategies which generate them.The first two companies which correspond to the first group, are characterized by (1) minimum involvement, the following two (2) through a relative immersion in the culture and the economy of the country linked to a large-scale involvement and by the indecorum given to the local unit, and (3) global pilotage is the last involvement strategy identified, as it implies a large-scale investment, but with global piloting. Let us remember that all the companies observed are in a similar situation they are confronted by a country with an attractive food market but whose political uncertainties induce risks which strongly influence the entry strategies.Minimal involvement The potential of the Indonesian market is aro exploitation a lot of interest. The first to enter this market could take a decisive lead. each lost time could only be made up for by gainful the full price later on the preemption market strategy is thus a reasonable one. However, all the companies do not have the necessary financial resources to tap the market or indirect request to reduce the risk they thus besmirch their investments, while ensuring a posture on the market. Two cases corresponding to this situation were studied.The way in which involvement is minimized is very different in both cases an adhesion in the first case and a commercial presence in the second case. The common point between these two cases is that the local entity is used as place for learning, for experimentation and for observation. One could wonder whether the right rate of involvement does not simply reflect the intention to learn. Giving up immediate profits is the corollary of the hope of substantial profits in the medium/long term. EXAMPLE PT Bank BNP Paribas Indonesia began its operations in Indonesia in November 1989 under the name of PT Bank BNP Lippo Indonesia.This was a phrase venture between the BNP group and the Lippo Indonesia group, one of larges t Indonesian conglomerates. Up until February 2000, the distribution of the capital was split between the BNP group with 70% and Indonesian partner with 30%. In October 2000, following the merger between BNP and Paribas, this occasion venture became Pt. BNP Paribas Indonesia. For the Lippo Group, the co-operation with BNP Paribas was the result of its strategic development plan in the financial fear through an alliance with an organization of world(a) reputation.However, the drop in business after the 1997 crisis led BNP Paribas to increase its share to coulomb%. PT BNP Paribas Indonesia provides corporate banking services for large Indonesia companies and MNCs. That means that BNP Paribas does not have a retail activity on the Indonesian market, which would be very heavy in terms of investment. The presence of BNP Paribas in Indonesia can be justified by its will to accompany its traditional clients, the MNCs, on the majority of their markets. It is also a question of eing pres ent on a market which could experience strong growth.Thus, BNP Paribas is forego its clients when they decide to enter the Indonesian market. The weak presence of the competitor frequently puts BNP Paribas in a position of being the only secernate player, hich enables it to make its know-how and which can help it to grow on other markets. The interest of this strategy is unless intensified by the fact that BNP Paribas represents other banks in Indonesia. The manager of the subsidiary carries out the daily management operations. The strategic decisions are taken after consultation with the regional office based in capital of Singapore. umteen operations are carried out using the regional SOP (standard operation procedure) or logistics platforms. As with every corporate bank, PT. BNP Paribas Indonesia uses strict procedures in terms of credit granting. For these decisions, the sr. banker who is located in Paris or New York plays a determining role he ensures the follow-up of maj or global account portfolio. In other words, the manager of the Indonesian subsidiary is the nterface with the client (large Indonesian companies or MNC subsidiaries) but also with the market to make the regional office aware of business opportunities. ImmersionWhereas the two preceding case is characterized by a will to minimize investment in Indonesia, the following case can be distinguished by the amount of heavy investment. From these two cases, it is articularly hard to generalize, but the local managers appeared to us to be very receptive to the local culture. The two managers interviewed have few contacts with the French expatriate community This situation is also the result of the plant location of these groups which are not present in the center of attention of the Indonesian capital, but rather exemplary located on industrial lay in the suburbs of this large city.Another common point, lies in the large amount of self-sufficiency in decision do and action taking at th e subsidiary. The control mechanisms which have been developed are particularly complex they illustrate perfectly the local / global dilemma. 4 Case n3 Aqua, a subsidiary of Danone This agro-food company has invested hard in Indonesia by taking a majority share in a family company with more than 7. 000 employees. The family was unable to pay its large industrial investment projects.However, the rebirth was carried out carefully, over several years, with the objective of completely taking over the Indonesian company. The local manager shows the group culture after 4 months of presence, he speaks to its teams in ndonesian. The manager is the only expatriate the other managers are Indonesian and mainly handy in the United States or in Australia. The company also benefits from mount functions in finance, marketing and human resources, called task forces, all based in Singapore. Every month, one of these teams plays a consulting role.As concerns technology, the local managers are k ept directly informed indeed, the justness wage costs bring about very different problems from those encountered elsewhere. Generally speaking, there are few procedures. The group set are internalised, except communication which has to meet the groups standards. Besides the geographical mobility of the few foreign managers, training is one of the main vehicles for spreading culture. This is only in-house training according to their specificity, which is organized in Asia or in Paris.One is tempted to conclude that control is based on values, ways of thinking, enabling the company to adapt locally with complete freedom. It can be noted that the Singapore regional coordination ensures the groups presence even if it is only temporary, minimal and specific. The subsidiary is responsible for its financial performance, but the group influences the marketing methods, technologies and finance through a close but discrete piloting. Global piloting The last two subsidiaries studied have o ne main peculiarity they both undergo strict control from their head offices.The difference being from the two previous cases is that these companies are based in the Jakarta business district, completely immersed in a cosmopolitan culture. They are characterized by the large presence of expatriates and various and numerous contacts with the Parisian headquarters. Case synthesis and password The observations carried out reveal 3 repeat factors the presence of French expatriates, the existence of an intercessor level between the parent company and the Indonesian subsidiary and the misuse of the articulate venture.The French expatriate manager often represents the first lever of control. This observation must however be balanced there are other mechanisms highlighted in the case presentations and there is also bias in the case selection. The French expatriate manager is happy to share his experience which, for the researcher, facilitates the exchanges a lot. It is a means for t hem to break with a certain form of nsulation. However, when reading the directory of French companies located in Indonesia, one can see that usually the manager is French.The proposed a priori framework was based on the local / global distinction whereas the reality appears to be more complex with the existence of a quasi-systematic regional direction. A buffer seems necessary either to apply decisions or to support local initiatives. The Asian office is often located in ingapore or capital of Thailand but sometimes in Paris. The office generally has few means it is a country manager who frequently carries out this coordination role. The analysis of the role of this level would in itself be a research subject.Finally, the joint venture is often presented as a privileged way to enter an terra incognita market. This type of governance would make it possible to spread the risk and take advantage of the local partners market knowledge. This is what we observed for only one of our six cases. In the other cases, the co-operation is only an administrative constraint which should imperatively be esteem in order to obtain permit to invest in Indonesia. One of the limits of this type of organization is that it makes us believe that development opportunities can only be seized with a minimum of involvement hereas a strong implication is essential to overcome the real cultural barriers. For example, how can one envisage working with a partner who always says yes or more precisely never dares to say no? Having raised these continual facts, it is now interesting to present a synthesis of the control mechanisms observed by classifying them according to the proposed analysis grid A first striking fact is the trouble to observe mechanisms enabling the global circulation of local learning, except in the case global piloting strategies (case 5 and 6, LOreal and Total).The fact that these mechanisms are not emphasized does not mean that they do not exist. The two cases ar e in particular engineers who go back to France presumably with bags of local knowledge thus contributing without doubt to the paper of a more global knowledge. In the other case, his type of knowledge is circulated through interaction between the local manager and his international business manager in Paris. In both cases, one can witness the role of a local information agent.The similarity between the two cases is to be found in the media learning models which move from the center to the outskirt and which make up a form of group culture, including sophisticated reporting systems, as well as a specialized structure for international business. The tools which make it possible to produce and mobilize global knowledge (box 1), in accordance with the global corporate model, are mainly not that suprising it concerns information systems and communication strategy. When products need to be adapted to a market, apart from communication, R&D centralization is a powerful control lever.An original tool has been identified with the case of the elder banker who can make us think of operational form of matrix structure. For the two global piloting cases (LOreal and Total) one can see the emergence of a configuration which is based on linking a media learning model (where the center lights up intensely the whole of its empire) and of an evangelist model, limited in range, which would seem to balance the other model. At this stage of the research, one could formulate the idea of a relation between these two models the first would arouse the second, the latter being finally the control of the control.If the amount of investment justifies uniform knowledge, the weaknesses of the imperial model could be corrected by inoculation in the center of the organization coming from the periphery and brought about by the channel of trust and personal experience from among the expatriate executives who were then repatriated. One observed the tools enabling organizations to take advan tage from learning which is only produced and mobilized locally (box 4, the epidemic model). That mainly concerns cases 1 and 2 (Sanofi and BNP Paribas).It can be explained by the careful strategies of these firms and their limited involvement. The subsidiaries would be laboratories where one tries to adapt and control the local conditions for a possible blowup on a regional level. There is therefore a balance between the epidemic model and the media model which takes on the form of centralizing some knowledge which is mainly related to the technology of the product or service. This learning configuration thus enable a certain acclimatization, if possible, of a core competence and letting local learning processes adapt them.It has been noted that some tools producing global knowledge which will be differently mobilized from one country to an other training, international experts and tasks forces (which only have an informative role and distinguishing them from the senior banker). At first sight, we could have thought that these tools would not be widespread that is not the case. Some of the tools observed are used in different ways. This is the case with corporate culture (box 1 or 2) or expatriates (box 1 or 4). A strong culture can lead to homogeneous behaviour at a global level (Total).However, when the follow for and the adaptation to local cultures are key values (Danone and Air Liquide), the culture brings about different behaviour according to the context. These two last cases are characterized by an initiatory learning model which is based on important information, expertise and training, but leaves the subsidiaries with a strong amount of autonomy. These companies core competences (technology, brand, markets knowledge) could be circulated gently and unintentionally with support from the regional offices as concerns the cultural implications.This is O.K. up by a second occurrence the need to adapt locally leads to the organization of learning aroun d a central point made up of a local manager and his regional alter ego. Let us note that it is in these two cases that one observes the last number of expatriates and in some cases in all absent. These few cases not only illustrate the different types of control mechanisms used but also the variety of their uses. Two main results emerge. The first one is the identification of three learning configurations linked to the control systems.The first includes two flows, one based on the media model which is balanced by an other flow from an evangelist model. The second one is also based around a media model and uses local support through an epidemic mode. The third one which is also based on a media model which guarantees the group values, is organized around tension between an epidemic and an initiatory model. The first one ensures a certain homogeneity of initiatives and the second one the adaptation and the suitability. endThe proposed analysis grid concerning the interactions cont rol / learning which are based on the phases of the learning process (production and knowledge mobilization) and its locus (local / global) has been developed to study parent company / subsidiary relations. Numerous control tools which can be used in different ways have been observed tools enabling the control / innovation or integration / differentiation dilemma to be overcome, to broaden its dynamic perspective and to provide deeper analysis of the adaptative process.This grid which was used during the observation period, even though superficial, has finally provided positive results. It reveals learning structures and takes into account their internal and external coherences. It appears to be relevant. One needs, of course, through shape up in-depth case studies, to test the validity of those three configurations which have been identified. Finally, since we are limited to examine the learning produced by the control system, it would be suitable to examine the relevance of this grid in relation to other sources of knowledge (i. . dealings with the suppliers and customers, market research ). These results will necessarily be confirmed through further investigations. The perception of headquarters would be very enriching. One could also contemplate making some comparisons with the practices of American, British, Japanese or German companies. The interviewees have often underlined the differences that exist in practices between their group and their main competitors.It would appear that in terms of international management there exists a French exception. As far as the expert are concerned, the analysis grid represents a diagnostic tool which enables control system weaknesses or further action levers to be identified, to date further the general configuration of relations between the parent company/ subsidiary and also the general coherence of adaptive mechanisms. It is finally possible to envisage using this grid to analyze other control situations.If w e have chosen to work from the specific point of an international management problem, the suggested model could also be applied to other issues, provided that we take are taking into account a question of suitability between local and global learning and that there is a central link between this two points. We should also consider that organizational control systems play a key role in the acquisition, circulation, memorization and use of organizational knowledge.